University of South Florida Scholar Commons Integrative Biology Books Integrative Biology 1816 Anatomy of the Tube Holothurians of the Orange Seastars and the Stone Sea-Urchins: A Translation of Anatomie der Röhren- Holothurie des Pomeranzfarbigen Seesterns und Stein-Seeigels Friedrich Tiedemann S. A. Böttger John M. Lawrence University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/bin_books Recommended Citation Tiedemann, F. (2004). Anatomy of the Tube Holothurians of the Orange Seastars and the Stone Sea- Urchins: A Translation of Anatomie der Röhren-Holothurie des Pomeranzfarbigen Seesterns und Stein- Seeigels (S. A. Böttger, Trans., Edited by J. M. Lawrence). Herizos Press, Tampa. This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Integrative Biology at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Integrative Biology Books by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Friedrich Tiedemann ANATOMY OF THE TUBE HOLOTHURIANS OF THE ORANGE SEASTARS AND THE STONE SEA-URCHINS Translated by S. A. Böttger Edited by J. M. Lawrence HERIZOS PRESS HERIZOS PRESS, TAMPA This is a translation of ANATOMIE DER RÖHREN-HOLOTHURIE DES POMERANZFARBIGEN SEESTERNS UND STEIN-SEEIGELS by Friedrich Tiedemann English translation © copyrighted 2004 by S. A. Böttger Translator’s and editor’s note: Friedrich Tiedemann was born in Kassel, Germany, 23 August 1781 and died in Munich, 22 January 1861. He received his M.D. degree from the University at Marburg, but had no interest in practical medicine. His subsequent studies under Cuvier developed his interest in comparatiave anatomoy and morphology. Tiedeman was appointed professor of anatomy and zoology at the Landshut Medical Faculty in 1807. In 1816, the year his book on echinoderms appeared, he was elected a corresponding member of the Académie des Sciences and appointed professor of comparative anatomy, physiology and zoology at the Universityi of Heidelberg. His research involved morphology, embryology and physiology of vertebrates. His son-in-law assumed Tiedemann’s teaching responsibilities in 1835 when his eyesight began to fail. He eventually became blind. The revolution of 1848-1849 affected his life. He is said to have opposed, for political and philosophical reasons, popular uprisings. His eldest son was executed under martial law and two others fled into exile. He retired from the University of Heidelberg in 1849. A medal was struck in his honoro in 1854, the fiftieth anniversary of his doctorate. Tiedemann’s book is a classic in echinodoerom biology. It resports the results of his prizie-wiinning research undertaken in response to a question posed by the Iinstitute of France regarding the existence of a circulatory system in those animals known as echinoderms. It is a thorough analysis of the entire body system, as Tiedemann says he found it necessary to have an understanding of the whole in order to understand the parts. Tiedemann’s book links the present to his time and even to his predecessors going back to Aristotle. We have tried to preserve the flavor of Tiedemann’s text by literal translation of the German terms he used except where the meaning would be ambiguous. A good example of this is Haut, which Tiedemann used for body wall, membrane, layer, tissue, etc. The measurements were put into metric units by the equivalents: 1 Zoll = 2.7007 cm 1 Linie = 1/12 (2.7007) cm Tiedemann offered his book for five ducats in vellum, four ducats in paper. A ducat was a gold coin weighing 3.5 g. We have not translated the Latin, Greek or even the German quotes in the footnotes. The latter occurs in Tiedemann’s quotes of the German translation from the English of the book by Alexander Munro. The footnotes contain some errors that have not been changed from the original. Of the three species Tiedemann considered, only Holothuria tubulosa has maintained its name. We have kept the names used by Tiedemann for the other two. Asterias aurantiaca is now Astropecten aranciacus and Echinus saxitilis is Paracentrotus lividius. We have learned from this labor, not only about echinoderms but also about an extraordinary scientist and his efforts. Although it was a labor, it also was a pleasure. (Biographic information from V. Kruta. 1974. Tiedemann, Friedrich. In: Dictionary of Scientific Biography. C. C. Gillispie (ed.). Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. Pp. 202-204. ANATOMY OF THE TUBE HOLOTHURIANS OF THE ORANGE SEASTARS AND THE STONE SEA-URCHINS RECIPIENT OF A PRIZE AWARDED BY THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE IN 1812 BY DR. FRIEDRICH TIEDEMANN COUNCILLOR OF THE GRAND-DUCHY OF BADEN, PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY, ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG, AND MEMBER OF THE ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES AT BERLIN AND MUNICH, MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE, THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY OF NATURALISTS OF MOSCOW, THE MEDICAL SOCIETY OF ERLANGEN, THE SOCIETY OF NATURALISTS OF HANAU AND THE MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF JENA WITH TEN PLATES LANDSHUT, JOSEPH THOMANNSCHEN BUCHDRUCKEREI MDCCCXVI. NUNQUAM AUTEM INVENIETUR, SI CONTENTI FUERIMUS INVENTIS. PRAETEREA QUI ALIUM SEQUITUR, NIHIL INVENIT, IMO NEC QUAERIT. SENECA DEDICATED TO MY DEAR BROTHER JUSTUS TIEDEMANN IN BREMEN PREFACE The mathematical-physical division of the Institute of France asked the following prize question in 1809: “Investigate if circulation exists in those animals known as asteroids or seastars; echinoids, sea urchins or sea hedgehogs; and holothurians or sea cucumbers; and in the case that it existed, describe its functioning and the organs.” Already in those days I wished to solve that question. However, due to circumstances with which a German academic teacher had to deal, I was unable in order to take the expensive trip to the coast in order to solve the exercise. In 1811 the Institute repeated the question. This came at a timely moment, as a fortunate event enabled me to take a trip to the sea. In fall 1811 I went to Triest, in the company of my former ZUHORER Doctor Muenz, whom I had asked to make the necessary drawings as I cherished his gift of detailed anatomical drawings. I spent the following five weeks on the coast of Triest with the examination of the anatomy and lifestyle of holothurians, seastars and sea urchins. During this time I understood the necessity to extend the examination of these strange animals from their vascular system to their complete anatomy. The reason for that decision was that the vascular system could not be explained without understanding the animals’ complete organization. This particular discovery revealed a thus far unknown vascular system which occurs in these animals in addition to the circulatory blood system and which enables the animals to move. At the end of October I collected a large number of holothurians, asteroids and echinoids, stored them in alcohol-filled containers, and returned to Landshut, to repeat and complete the anatomical examinations. In this book I have included the scattered observations and examinations of these animals that had been made previously by my colleagues, partly to prove my own experiments and partly to correct what I found in other books. Although I understood that my work might lose some of its novelty by including previous observations, I still believed it to be my duty to give proper credit to my colleagues. In 1812 the Institute of France awarded my manuscript the prize, which pleased me even more because this decision was made by men who are honored for their accomplishments in zoology and comparative anatomy whom I admire greatly. Whether I have really managed to completely reveal the anatomy of the strange and still mainly unknown holothurians, seastars and sea urchins will soon be determined by the examinations of other scientists, whose interest I hope to have aroused with this book. As soon as I have another chance to visit the shores of the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas, I will continue my research and also study the anatomy and lifestyle of other generally unknown zoophytes, the actinians and jellyfish, which resemble seastars in some ways. This book was supposed to be published already in 1812, but this was prevented by the war and the associated problems of book sellers. In 1815 I decided, due to encouragement by my friends in Berlin, to send the manuscript out on subscription, hoping that it would lead to a proper publication. The manuscript caused so much interest in Germany and some foreign countries, that now I am able to publish the manuscript properly. I also have to state that the book will not be available in book stores, but copies can be received only from me. The cost of a copy in vellum is five ducats; one in paper is four ducats. Landshut, the 16th of March 1816. F. TIEDEMANN TABLE OF CONTENTS Essay on the Structure of the tube Holothurians Description of the external Structure Description of the internal Structure Mouth, Stomach and Intestine Respiratory Organ Vascular System of the Intestine Vascular system of the Tentacles, Feet and the Body Wall Structure of the Tentacles Structure of the Feet Calcareous Ring surrounding the Mouth Muscles Reproductive Organ Body Wall Speculations on the Nervous System Essay on the Structure of the orange Seastars Description of the external Structure of the orange Seastars Mouth and Blind Intestine Respiratory Organ Vascular System for the Circulation of Blood Vascular system of the Feet, the Vesicles and the Rays Feet and their Vesicles Skeleton Body Wall Ovaries Nervous System Essay on the Structure of the stone Sea-urchins Description of the external Structure Mouth and Masticatory Apparatus Intestine Organ of Respiration Vascular System for the Circulation of Blood Vascular System of the Tentacles or Feet Structure of the Feet Ovaries Structure of the test Speculations on the Nervous System Legends of the figures ESSAY ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE TUBE HOLOTHURIANS ANATOMY OF THE TUBE HOLOTHURIANS (HOLOTHURIA TUBULOSA)1 Description of the external structure (The first figure of the first table shows the living animal) The tube holothurian has a long, cylindrical shape.