Intelligence Cooperation and the War on Terror This book provides an in-depth analysis of UK–US intelligence cooperation in the post-9/11 world. Seeking to connect an analysis of intelligence liaison with the wider realm of Anglo-American Relations, the book draws on a wide range of interviews and consultations with key actors in both countries. The book is centred around two critical and empirical case studies, focusing on the interactions on the key issues of counterterrorism and weapons of mass destruction (WMD) counter-proliferation. These case studies provide substantive insights into a range of interactions such as 9/11, the 7/7 London bombings, the A.Q. Khan nuclear network, the prelude to the 2003 Iraq War, extraordinary renditions and Special Forces deployments. Drawing on over 60 interviews conducted in the United Kingdom and United States with prominent decision-makers and practitioners, these issues are exam- ined in the contemporary historical context, with the main focus being on the years 2000–5. This book will be of much interest to students of intelligence studies, foreign policy, security studies and International Relations in general. Adam D.M. Svendsen has a PhD in International History from the University of Warwick. He has been a Visiting Scholar at the Center for Peace and Security Studies, Georgetown University, and has contributed to the International Secur- ity Programme at Chatham House and to the work of IISS, London. Studies in intelligence series General Editors: Richard J. Aldrich and Christopher Andrew ISSN: 1368–9916 British Military Intelligence in the TET 1968 Palestine Campaign 1914–1918 Understanding the surprise Yigal Sheffy Ronnie E. Ford British Military Intelligence in the Intelligence and Imperial Defence Crimean War, 1854–1856 British Intelligence and the defence of Stephen M. Harris the Indian Empire 1904–1924 Richard J. Popplewell Signals Intelligence in World War II Edited by David Alvarez Espionage Past, present, future? Knowing Your Friends Edited by Wesley K. Wark Intelligence inside alliances and coalitions from 1914 to the Cold War The Australian Security Intelligence Edited by Martin S. Alexander Organization An unofficial history Eternal Vigilance Frank Cain 50 years of the CIA Edited by Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones and Policing Politics Christopher Andrew Security intelligence and the liberal democratic state Nothing Sacred Peter Gill Nazi espionage against the Vatican, 1939–1945 From Information to Intrigue David Alvarez and Studies in Secret Service based on the Revd Robert A. Graham Swedish Experience 1939–45 C.G. McKay Intelligence Investigations How Ultra changed history Dieppe Revisited Ralph Bennett A documentary investigation John Campbell Intelligence Analysis and Assessment Edited by David Charters, More Instructions from the Centre A. Stuart Farson and Glenn P. Hastedt Christopher and Oleg Gordievsky Controlling Intelligence Swedish Signal Intelligence Edited by Glenn P. Hastedt 1900–1945 C.G. McKay and Bengt Beckman Spy Fiction, Spy Films and Real Intelligence The Norwegian Intelligence Service Edited by Wesley K. Wark 1945–1970 Olav Riste Security and Intelligence in a Secret Intelligence in the Twentieth Changing World Century New perspectives for the 1990s Edited by Heike Bungert, Edited by A. Stuart Farson, Jan G. Heitmann and Michael Wala David Stafford and Wesley K. Wark The CIA, the British Left and the A Don at War Cold War Sir David Hunt KCMG, OBE (reprint) Calling the tune? Hugh Wilford Intelligence and Military Operations Our Man in Yugoslavia Edited by Michael I. Handel The story of a Secret Service operative Sebastian Ritchie Leaders and Intelligence Edited by Michael I. Handel Understanding Intelligence in the Twenty-first Century War, Strategy and Intelligence Journeys in shadows Michael I. Handel Len Scott and Peter Jackson MI6 and the Machinery of Spying Strategic and Operational Deception Philip H.J. Davies in the Second World War Edited by Michael I. Handel Twenty-first Century Intelligence Edited by Wesley Wark Codebreaker in the Far East Alan Stripp Intelligence and Strategy Selected essays Intelligence for Peace John Robert Ferris Edited by Hesi Carmel The US Government, Citizen Groups and the Cold War Intelligence Services in the The state–private network Information Age Edited by Helen Laville and Michael Herman Hugh Wilford Espionage and the Roots of the Cold Peacekeeping Intelligence War New players, extended boundaries The conspiratorial heritage Edited by David Carment and David McKnight Martin Rudner Special Operations Executive Exploring Intelligence Archives A new instrument of war Enquiries into the secret state Edited by Mark Seaman Edited by R. Gerald Hughes, Peter Jackson, and Len Scott Mussolini’s Propaganda Abroad Subversion in the Mediterranean and US National Security, Intelligence the Middle East, 1935–1940 and Democracy Manuela A. Williams The Church Committee and the war on terror The Politics and Strategy of Edited by Russell A. Miller Clandestine War Special operations executive, Intelligence Theory 1940–1946 Key questions and debates Neville Wylie Edited by Peter Gill, Stephen Marrin and Mark Phythian Britain’s Secret War against Japan, 1937–1945 East German Foreign Intelligence Douglas Ford Myth, reality and controversy Edited by Thomas Wegener Friis, US Covert Operations and Cold Kristie Macrakis and War Strategy Helmut Müller-Enbergs Truman, secret warfare and the CIA, 1945–53 Intelligence Cooperation and the Sarah-Jane Corke War on Terror Anglo-American security relations Stasi after 9/11 Shield and sword of the party Adam D.M. Svendsen John C. Schmeidel British Intelligence and the Arab Revolt The first modern intelligence war Polly A. Mohs Intelligence Cooperation and the War on Terror Anglo-American security relations after 9/11 Adam D.M. Svendsen First published 2010 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. © 2010 Adam D.M. Svendsen All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-86588-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-55040-8 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-203-86588-X (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-55040-6 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-86588-0 (ebk) Contents List of plates ix Acknowledgements x Note on interviews xi List of abbreviations xii Source abbreviations xvi Foreword: Anglo-Americana xix PART I Background 1 1 Introduction: unpacking UK–US intelligence relations 3 PART II UK–US intelligence liaison in action 9 2 Enhancing interoperability: structural UK–US intelligence liaison in the early twenty-first century 11 Evaluating UK–US intelligence liaison in the early twenty-first century 33 3 Enhancing efforts against terrorism: implementing the ‘counter-terrorism paradigm’ 39 4 Enhancing efforts against proliferation: implementing the ‘counter-proliferation paradigm’ 101 viii Contents PART III Conclusions 165 5 Conclusion 167 Notes 174 Index 233 Plates Photographs of key participants in early twenty-first century UK–US relations and capturing their interactions. I US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld holds discussions with British Secretary of Defence Geoff Hoon and British Ambassador to Washington Sir Christopher Meyer in October 2001. US Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz looks on. US DoD. 35 II Sir Kevin Tebbit, Permanent Undersecretary (PUS), British Ministry of Defence, holds discussions with US Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz in December 2001. Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Douglas J. Feith looks on. US DoD. 35 III A British Royal Marine Commando participates in a briefing with the Americans, including US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, at Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan, in April 2002. US DoD. 36 IV British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw and US Secretary of State Colin Powell hold a press conference outside the US State Department in October 2002. US State Department. 36 V British Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) Admiral Lord Michael Boyce is greeted by US General Richard B. Myers, Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, in November 2002. US DoD. 37 VI US Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld and British Secretary of Defence Hoon answer press questions at the Pentagon in February 2003. US DoD. 37 VII US Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld and British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw hold talks in May 2005. US DoD. 38 VIII US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates and US General Casey meet with British Major General J.M. Shaw (right) Commander of Multinational Division – South East, as Gates arrives in Basra, Iraq in January 2007. US DoD. 38 Acknowledgements In the United Kingdom, many thanks go to Richard J. Aldrich in the School of Politics and International Studies (PaIS) at the University of Warwick, for thought-provoking discussions and for his superb guidance. Many thanks also go to: my family (Penny, David and Zoë Svendsen) for all their support; Stuart Croft in PaIS; Wyn Rees in the School of Politics and International Relations at the University of Nottingham. In the United States, many thanks go to: Daniel Byman, Director of the Center for Peace and Security Studies (CPASS), George- town University, Washington, DC, for sponsoring my visiting scholarship; as well as to the other staff and to my fellow students at all these universities for their support.