Doc. A/54A 4 December 2003 Corrigendum No. 1 dated 20 December 2006 Recommended Practice: Guide to the Use of the ATSC Digital Television Standard, including Corrigendum No. 1 Advanced Television Systems Committee 1750 K Street, N.W. Suite 1200 Washington, D.C. 20006 www.atsc.org ATSC Guide to Use of the ATSC DTV Standard 4 December 2003 The Advanced Television Systems Committee, Inc., is an international, non-profit organization developing voluntary standards for digital television. The ATSC member organizations represent the broadcast, broadcast equipment, motion picture, consumer electronics, computer, cable, satellite, and semiconductor industries. Specifically, ATSC is working to coordinate television standards among different communications media focusing on digital television, interactive systems, and broadband multimedia communications. ATSC is also developing digital television implementation strategies and presenting educational seminars on the ATSC standards. ATSC was formed in 1982 by the member organizations of the Joint Committee on InterSociety Coordination (JCIC): the Electronic Industries Association (EIA), the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), the National Cable and Telecommunications Association (NCTA), and the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE). Currently, there are approximately 160 members representing the broadcast, broadcast equipment, motion picture, consumer electronics, computer, cable, satellite, and semiconductor industries. ATSC Digital TV Standards include digital high definition television (HDTV), standard definition television (SDTV), data broadcasting, multichannel surround-sound audio, and satellite direct-to-home broadcasting. 2 ATSC Guide to Use of the ATSC DTV Standard 4 December 2003 Table of Contents 1. SCOPE........................................................................................................................................................8 2. REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................8 2.1 Normative References 8 2.2 Informative References 8 3. DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................................................................9 3.1 Treatment of Syntactic Elements 9 3.2 Terms Employed 9 3.3 Symbols, Abbreviations, and Mathematical Operators 15 3.3.1 Arithmetic Operators 15 3.3.2 Logical Operators 16 3.3.3 Relational Operators 16 3.3.4 Bitwise Operators 16 3.3.5 Assignment 16 3.3.6 Mnemonics 16 3.3.7 Method of Describing Bit Stream Syntax 16 4. OVERVIEW OF THE ATSC DIGITAL TELEVISION SYSTEM.................................................................18 4.1 System Block Diagram 19 4.1.1 Application Encoders/Decoders 20 4.1.2 Transport (de)Packetization and (de)Multiplexing 21 4.1.3 RF Transmission 21 4.1.4 Receiver 21 5. VIDEO SYSTEMS.....................................................................................................................................22 5.1 Overview of Video Compression and Decompression 22 5.1.1 MPEG-2 Levels and Profiles 22 5.1.2 Compatibility with MPEG-2 22 5.1.3 Overview of Video Compression 23 5.2 Video Preprocessing 23 5.2.1 Video Compression Formats 23 5.2.2 Precision of Samples 25 5.2.3 Source-Adaptive Processing 25 5.2.4 Film Mode 26 5.2.5 Color Component Separation and Processing 26 5.2.6 Anti-Alias Filtering 27 5.2.7 Number of Lines Encoded 27 5.3 Concatenated Sequences 27 5.4 Guidelines for Refreshing 28 5.5 Active Format Description (AFD) 28 5.5.1 Active Area Signaling 29 5.5.2 Existing Standards 30 5.5.3 Treatment of Active Areas Greater than 16:9 31 5.5.4 Active Format Description (AFD) and Bar Data 32 6. AUDIO SYSTEMS.....................................................................................................................................32 6.1 Audio System Overview 33 6.2 Audio Encoder Interface 33 6.2.1 Input Source Signal Specification 34 3 ATSC Guide to Use of the ATSC DTV Standard 4 December 2003 6.2.2 Output Signal Specification 34 6.3 AC-3 Digital Audio Compression 35 6.3.1 Overview and Basics of Audio Compression 35 6.3.2 Transform Filter Bank 36 6.3.3 Coded Audio Representation 37 6.3.4 Bit Allocation 38 6.3.5 Rematrixing 38 6.3.6 Coupling 39 6.4 Bit Stream Syntax 39 6.4.1 Sync Frame 39 6.4.2 Splicing, Insertion 39 6.4.3 Error Detection Codes 40 6.5 Loudness and Dynamic Range 40 6.5.1 Loudness Normalization 40 6.5.2 Dynamic Range Compression 41 6.6 Main, Associated, and Multi-Lingual Services 43 6.6.1 Overview 43 6.6.2 Summary of Service Types 43 6.6.3 Multi-Lingual Services 44 6.6.4 Detailed Description of Service Types 45 6.7 Audio Bit Rates 48 6.7.1 Typical Audio Bit Rates 48 6.7.2 Audio Bit Rate Limitations 48 7. DTV TRANSPORT....................................................................................................................................49 7.1 Introduction 49 7.2 MPEG-2 Basics 49 7.2.1 Standards Layering 50 7.3 MPEG-2 Transport Stream Packet 50 7.3.1 MPEG-2 TS Packet Structure 50 7.3.2 MPEG-2 Transport Stream Packet Syntax 51 7.4 MPEG-2 Transport Stream Data Structures 52 7.4.1 Tables and Sections 52 7.4.2 MPEG-2 Private Section 53 7.4.3 MPEG-2 PSI 54 7.4.4 MPEG-2 Packetized Elementary Stream (PES) Packet 55 7.5 Multiplex Concepts 56 7.6 MPEG-2 Timing and Buffer Model 58 7.6.1 MPEG-2 System Timing 58 7.6.2 Buffer Model 62 7.7 Supplemental Information 63 7.7.1 MPEG-2 Descriptors 63 7.7.2 Code Point Conflict Avoidance 65 7.7.3 Understanding MPEG Syntax Tables 67 8. RF TRANSMISSION.................................................................................................................................71 8.1 System Overview 71 8.2 Bit Rate Delivered to a Transport Decoder by the Transmission Subsystem 72 8.3 Performance Characteristics of Terrestrial Broadcast Mode 73 8.4 Transmitter Signal Processing 75 4 ATSC Guide to Use of the ATSC DTV Standard 4 December 2003 8.5 Upconverter and RF Carrier Frequency Offsets 76 8.5.1 Nominal DTV Pilot Carrier Frequency 76 8.5.2 Requirements for Offsets 76 8.5.3 Upper DTV Channel into Lower Analog Channel 77 8.5.4 Other Offset Cases 78 8.5.5 Summary: DTV Frequency 79 8.5.6 Frequency Tolerances 79 8.5.7 Hardware Options for Tight Frequency Control 80 8.5.8 Additional Considerations 80 8.6 Performance Characteristics of High Data Rate Mode 80 9. RECEIVER SYSTEMS..............................................................................................................................82 9.1 General Issues Concerning DTV Reception 82 9.1.1 Planning Factors Used by ACATS PS/WP3 82 9.1.2 Noise Figure 84 9.1.3 Co-Channel and Adjacent-Channel Rejection 84 9.1.4 Unintentional Radiation 85 9.1.5 Direct Pickup (DPU) 85 9.2 Grand Alliance Receiver Design 85 9.2.1 Tuner 86 9.2.2 Channel Filtering and VSB Carrier Recovery 88 9.2.3 Segment Sync and Symbol Clock Recovery 90 9.2.4 Non-Coherent and Coherent AGC 92 9.2.5 Data Field Synchronization 92 9.2.6 Interference Rejection Filter 93 9.2.7 Channel Equalizer 96 9.2.8 Phase Tracker 97 9.2.9 Trellis Decoder 99 9.2.10 Data De-Interleaver 101 9.2.11 Reed-Solomon Decoder 102 9.2.12 Data De-Randomizer 102 9.2.13 Receiver Loop Acquisition Sequencing 102 9.2.14 High Data Rate Mode 102 9.3 Receiver Equalization Issues 103 9.4 Transport Stream Processing Issues in the Receiver 103 9.5 Receiver Video Issues 104 9.5.1 Multiple Video Programs 105 9.5.2 Concatenation of Video Sequences 105 9.5.3 D-Frames 106 9.5.4 Adaptive Video Error Concealment Strategy 106 9.6 Receiver Audio Issues 107 9.6.1 Audio Coding 107 9.6.2 Audio Channels and Services 107 9.6.3 Loudness Normalization 108 9.6.4 Dynamic Range Control 108 9.6.5 Tracking of Audio Data Packets and Video Data Packets 109 CORRIGENDUM NO. 1 ...............................................................................................................................110 5 ATSC Guide to Use of the ATSC DTV Standard 4 December 2003 List of Figures and Tables Figure 4.1 Block diagram of functionality in a transmitter/receiver pair. 20 Figure 5.1 Video coding in relation to the ATV system. 23 Figure 5.8 Coding and active area. 30 Figure 5.9 Example of active video area greater than 16:9 aspect ratio. 31 Figure 6.1 Audio subsystem within the digital television system. 33 Figure 6.2 Overview of audio compression system. 36 Figure 6.3 AC-3 synchronization frame. 39 Figure 7.1 MPEG-2 transport stream program multiplex. 57 Figure 7.2 MPEG-2 constant delay buffer model. 59 Figure 7.3 MPEG-2 system time clock. 60 Figure 7.4 The MPEG-2 PTS and marker_bits. 61 Figure 8.1 Segment error probability, 8-VSB with 4 state trellis decoding, RS (207,187). 74 Figure 8.2 Cumulative distribution function of 8-VSB peak-to-average power ratio (in ideal linear system). 75 Figure 8.3 16-VSB error probability. 81 Figure 8.4 Cumulative distribution function of 16-VSB peak-to-average power ratio. 81 Figure 9.1 Block diagram of Grand Alliance prototype VSB receiver. 85 Figure 9.2 Block diagram of the tuner in the prototype VSB receiver. 86 Figure 9.3 Tuner, IF amplifier, and FPLL in the prototype VSB receiver. 88 Figure 9.4 Data segment sync. 91 Figure 9.5 Segment sync and symbol clock recovery with AGC. 91 Figure 9.6 Data field sync recovery in the prototype VSB receiver. 93 Figure 9.7. Location of NTSC carriers — comb filtering. 94 Figure 9.8 NTSC interference rejection filter in prototype VSB receiver. 95 Figure 9.9 Equalizer in the prototype VSB receiver. 97 Figure 9.10 Phase-tracking loop portion of the phase-tracker. 98 Figure 9.11 Trellis code de-interleaver. 99 Figure 9.12 Segment sync removal in prototype 8 VSB receiver. 99 Figure 9.13 Trellis decoding with and without NTSC rejection filter.