Smart choices for cities Cities towards Mobility 2.0: connect, share and go! Smart choices for cities Cities towards Mobility 2.0: connect, share and go! Pictures © Shutterstock, 2016, pages: 1, 7, 10, 13, 16, 21, 24, 27, 34, 38, 39, 42. 2 Smart choices for cities Cities towards Mobility 2.0: connect, share and go! Table of contents Preface. 4 Summary. 5 Introduction . 6 The.new.paradigm.of.Mobility.2 .0:.trends.and.challenges. 9 Shared-mobility.concepts.and.experiences . 13 Car sharing . 15 Bike sharing . 20 Ride sharing . 23 Ride sourcing . 26 Park sharing. 28 Shared freight mobility . 30 Impacts.and.benefits. 36 Environmental impacts: is shared mobility the green option? . 36 Does shared mobility expand social benefits and equity in transport accessibility?. 37 Economic impacts of shared mobility . 38 Role.of.public.authorities. 40 Conclusions. 43 References . 45 Web.references. 48 3 Smart choices for cities Cities towards Mobility 2.0: connect, share and go! Preface The objective of the CIVITAS WIKI project is to provide This new mobility paradigm has relevant impacts on cities information to European city planners, decision-makers and their mobility planning strategies and plans, and gives and citizens on clean urban transport and on the CIVITAS rise to several questions. How can cities best manage the Initiative. With its policy notes, WIKI wants to inform people emergence of these new shared-mobility services? How can in cities on a number of topics that currently play an important the relationship between private and public interests best be role in urban mobility. managed? What benefits and opportunities can be identified and exploited at city level? What challenges and potential This policy analysis focuses on the topic of shared mobility. negative impacts need to be taken into account? The concept of “sharing” is shaking up the global economy. Every day people all over the world share an increasing This CIVITAS WIKI policy note provides cities with a number of material objects and non-material services (from comprehensive overview on shared-mobility concepts and clothes and tools to houses, working spaces and professional practices. It also offers guidance to decision/policy makers skills). This revolution has an effect on all economic sectors, and urban mobility professionals in identifying opportunities and albeit at a different pace, the mobility sector is without and challenges of shared mobility for their cities and some any doubt one of the sectors facing the greatest and most potential actions to be taken by public authorities in order to revolutionary changes. better deal with this new paradigm of mobility. We hope you will enjoy reading this policy note, The CIVITAS WIKI team This publication was produced by the CIVITAS WIKI consortium. The policy note was compiled by Caterina Di Bartolo, Simone Bosetti, Claudia de Stasio and Patrizia Malgieri (TRT). Special recognition is due to Mike McDonald (WIKI advisor) and Eline Jonkers (TNO) for the review of the manuscript and to Ivan Uccelli (TRT) for the infographics. 4 Smart choices for cities Cities towards Mobility 2.0: connect, share and go! Summary In recent years, shared-mobility services have had an Shared-mobility services have developed in many forms: increasing impact on urban mobility in many countries some of them are already tried and tested, while others are around the world. The wide spread of information and relatively new and have yet to achieve their full potential. This communication devices (smartphones in particular) and of note aims to deal with those shared-mobility services that are social media and web platforms, together with the sharing most relevant from a local authority point of view. They range economy that is growing into a cultural consumption from the more traditional car sharing, ride sharing and bike approach for an increasing number of people, are at the sharing services to more innovative solutions of ride sourcing basis of this revolutionary development. services and car park sharing. Also, novel shared-mobility services are becoming increasingly available for goods and Megatrends related to demographic, economic, social and urban freight deliveries. In this note, each service concept technological aspects of life are creating disruptive factors is defined, and suggestions for better implementation in the within the mobility sector. The growing number of single- urban context are given. A case study of practical application person households and longer life expectancy, the scarcity is provided for each service. of resources, the rise of a new consumption culture, namely an increased focus on the activities achievable through the Knowledge of the real effects of newer services is limited, use of goods rather than on the goods themselves, and as several are at an initial phase of introduction. However, the increasing digitalization (especially of the younger the more mature services such as car and bike sharing have population) are all factors that contribute to the major already started to produce evidence of their effects on the changes which are occurring. urban mobility system. Even in these more mature services, the potential for their more rapid development, is substantial We are moving from a present status where individually- because of the rapid spread of new technologies and web owned cars together with public transport are the dominant platforms. Nonetheless, public authorities need to be aware forms of transport, towards a new mobility paradigm where of the changes in the mobility paradigm in order to better individually-owned cars will probably be one of several steer their political decisions towards the achievement of alternative forms of multimodal on-demand transport options. a sustainable urban mobility. There are some actions that In such a scenario, public and private operators will probably political authorities should consider, such as providing cooperate (but also compete) to offer customers multiple real- physical and virtual spaces and infrastructures for these new time transport options and higher service levels. services. Also, they need to manage their role in the whole urban mobility system to fully exploit possible synergies with other transport modes (especially with public transport), and set clear rules for private operators to ensure a fully efficient and sustainable transport system for residents and users. 5 Smart choices for cities Cities towards Mobility 2.0: connect, share and go! Introduction Mine, yours, ours: in cities especially across North America Technological, economic and social factors are driving the and Europe people are increasingly sharing tools and rapid growth of the sharing economy: equipment, welcoming guests into their spare rooms, eating food prepared in people’s home kitchens, and paying for ■■ Digital technologies and web platforms increase the rides in the cars of people they do not know. Businesses ease and convenience of transactions while reducing are hosting others in their office space, industries are costs and facilitating the connection of distributed net- sharing the transport of goods along their supply chains, works of people and assets. Social networking supports and municipalities are offering public land for shared food reputation systems that build trust and share risk, allow- production. The idea of sharing and borrowing goods and ing sharing among people who do not know each other. services is now part of the daily routine for an increasing number of people. ■■ Economic drivers include responses to major reces- sions including the 2008 financial crisis and growing While “sharing” has always been a part of city life – income inequality. This leads to an increased interest in through public libraries and community spaces, for example activities that supplement income and provide access – the past few years have seen a significant revival and to goods and services, rather than ownership, because acceleration of the principle of sharing. New business of the lower costs involved. Decades of stimulation of models have been developed, with fast growing customer economic growth and of the consumer society has led numbers and revenues. Although the sharing of resources to an accumulation of an abundance of idle capacity is not a fundamentally new model of social interaction, a of many goods and services that can be shared and “sharing economy” is a growing and innovative concept. The become monetized. sharing economy is an economic model based on sharing assets between groups of people rather than on individual ■■ Socially, the sharing economy is a lifestyle trend, par- ownership and usage. Individuals have joined forces to ticularly among the Millenials5, for whom affordable fund films, music albums, games and many other activities living is a priority and social networking is an inher- (e.g. Kickstarter1). These shared activities have occurred ent behaviour. The dense population of people in an across many sectors such as accommodation (Airbnb2, increasingly urban society enables sharing with less fric- Couchsurfing3), mobility (bike sharing and car sharing) and tion while a desire or necessity for more independent skills (TaskRabbit4), and at individual, institutional, business lifestyles with part-time work attracts people to the shar- and community levels. ing economy. Altruistic and sustainability mind-sets also drive some sharing activities. While many of the most visible platforms of the sharing economy have begun in the United States, sharing has Similar considerations may be applied in relation to the become a global phenomenon, both because of the mobility sector. The term “shared mobility” encompasses a expansion of platforms to other countries and because the range of transport options. The shared use of a vehicle, a idea of sharing has caught on around the world. Platforms bicycle, a parking space or a freight facility is an innovative are proliferating throughout Europe, where cities are transportation solution that enables users to have short-term becoming centres of “sharing” practices. For example, Paris access to modes of transport on an as–needed basis without has become the annual home of the “OuiShare Fest”.