Notes and References 'M.' means the place of publication was Moscow; 'L.' that it was Leningrad; 'M.-L.' that the work was published in both cities. 1 THE REVOLUTION 1. The origins of this notion are contested. R. Pipes, 'Intelligentsia from the German Intelligenz'?: A Note' Slavic Review, 1971 (3) pp. 615-18, advances the claim for 'die Intelligenz', used in German from 1849. This had been noted by L. B. Namier, 1848: The Revolution of the Intellectu­ als (London, 1944) p. 22. It had certainly been used in Poland at the beginning of the 1840s, see Andrzej Walicki, A History of Russian Thought from the Enlightenment to Marxism (Oxford, 1980) p. xv, note 3. However, another Polish scholar suggests the term entered Russian vocabulary, with Belinsky, in 1846: see: A. Gella, 'The Life and Death of the Old Polish Intelligentsia', Slavic Review, 1971 (3) p. 4. During the nineteenth century, of course, the term covered a great variety of political and social tendencies: populist, radical, liberal, anarchist and revolutionary. For a twentieth-century appraisal of the evolution of the concept see Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia 'The Sociological Problem of the Intelligentsia' (n. date, first published 1936) pp. 153--63. In the post-war Russian context, L. G. Churchward, The Soviet Intel­ ligentsia (London, 1973) pp. 1--6. 2. W. H. Chamberlain, The Russian Revolution, 1917-1921, vol. 1 (Cam­ bridge, Mass., 1935) p. 109. 3. K. D. Muratova, M. Gor'kii v bor'be za razvitiye sovetskoi literatury (M.-L. 1958) pp. 27-8. 4. Literaturnoye nasledstvo vol. 65 (M.1958) p. 546. Gorky's speech ap­ pears in V. Pertsov, Mayakovsky: Zhizn' i tvorchestvo (M.1950) pp. 414--18. 5. Charles Rougle, 'The Intelligentsia Debate in Russia, 1917-1918', in N. A. Nilsson (ed.) Art, Society, Revolution: Russia, 1917-1921 (Stock­ holm, 1979) p. 59. 6. Rougle, pp. 73-4. 7. G. Janecek (ed.) Andrei Bely. A Critical Review (Lexington, 1978) pp. 196-7. 8. Rougle, pp. 76-9. 9. The views of the Polish anarchist J. W. Machajski (A. Vol'skii, 1899-1926) are collected in his Umstvennyi rabochii (New York, 1968). 10. S. A. Fedyukin, Velikii oktyabr' i intelligentsia (M.1972), translated as The Great October Revolution and the Intelligentsia (M.1975) p. 25. 11. Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Commisariat of Enlightenment: Soviet Organis­ ation of Education and the Arts under Lunacharsky, October 1917-1921 (Cambridge, 1970). For the background see p. 113. 269 270 Notes and References 12. Vahan D. Barooshian, Brik and Mayakovsky (The Hague, 1978) pp. 17-18. 13. Rougle, pp. 81-2. 14. Two excellent studies of this process are Robert C. Williams, Culture in Exile: Russian emigres in Germany, 1881-1941 (Ithaca, 1972); and Simon Karlinsky and Alfred Appel, Jr (eds), The Bitter Air of Exile: Russian Writers in the West, 1922-1972 (Berkeley, Calif., 1977). 15. See, for instance, the exchange between the proletarian writer Serafimo­ vich and his detractors in Fedyukin, Great October, p. 28. 16. See Avril Pyman, The Life of Aleksandr Blok: vol. II, The Release of Harmony: 1908-1921 (Oxford: 1980) p. 119. 17. Pyman, vol. II, p. 223. 18. See M. Bowra, Poetry and Politics, 1900-1960 (Cambridge, 1965) pp. 49-50. According to Sergei Hackel, The Poet and the Revolution (Oxford, 1975) pp. 84-190, Blok intends a 'compilative Christ', in which theological and populist connotations are combined. 19. 'Intelligentsia and Revolution', first published in Znamya truda 19 Jan­ uary 1918, is translated in Marc Raeff, Russian Intellectual History: An Anthology (New Jersey, 1978) pp. 364-71. 20. Discussed by J. D. Elsworth, Andrey Bely (Letchworth, 1972) pp. 92-3. 21. Its meanings are considered by Pyman, vol. II, p. 292, n. v. 22. Analysed by Stefani Hoffman, 'Scythian Theory and Literature, 1917-1924', in Nilsson, (ed.) Art, Society, Revolution, pp. 138--64. 23. Leonard B. Schapiro, The Origin of the Communist Autocracy (London, 1955), Chapter 7. 24. The Memoirs of lvanov-Razumnik (pen-name of Razumnik Vasilevich Ivanov, 1878--1946) (Oxford, 1965), pp. 15--56. His debate with Zamya­ tin, who had contested the notion of 'Scythian' and, more generally, of the intelligentsia offered in Ivanov-Razumnik's History, is described by A. M. Shane, The Life and Works of Evgenii Zamyatin (Berkeley, Calif., 1968) pp. 17-21. 25. The poem was printed in 1zvestiya VTsIK, 22 August 1918. 26. Gordon McVay, Esenin: A Life (London, 1976) p. 107. 27. Memoirs of lvanov-Razumnik, pp. 21-5. 28. Pyman, vol. II, p. 345. 29. Pyman, however, argues that the speech 'rose above the conflicts of the day to make broad statements about art', ibid. 367-70. 30. Eyewitness accounts are given in Nina Berberova, The Italics are Mine (London, 1969) pp. 125--8. Photograph: Pyman, vol. II opposite p. 377. 31. Reprinted in the collection by N. L. Brodski et.al (eds) Literaturniye manifesty: ot Simvolizma k Oktyabryu (M.1929). 32. Nadezhda Mandel'stam: Hope Against Hope (London, 1971) p. 264, and Hope Abandoned (London, 1974) pp. 45--6. 33. 'Pushkin and Scriabin: Fragments', in Jane Gary Harris (ed.) Mandel­ starn, The Complete Critical Prose and Letters (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1979) pp. 90-5, and the important 'Notes' pp. 596-602. 34. 'Sumerki svobody' was published in Znamya truda, 24 May 1918. See the analysis by Steven Broyde, Osip Mandel stam and His Age (Cambridge, Mass., 1975) pp. 47-62. Notes and References 271 35. Anna Akhmatova, Stikhotvoreniya i poemi (L.1976) p. 229. Trans. by Stanley Kunitz, Poems of Akhmatova (London, 1974) p. 69. 36. Her memoir of Mandelstam appears in Russian Literature Triquarterly vol. 9 (Ann Arbor, 1974) pp. 239-54. 37. Ibid., p. 244. 38. Akhmatova, Stikhotvoreniya, p. 152; Kunitz, Poems of Akhmatova p. 75. 39. See the introduction by Max Hayward to Alexander Gladkov, Meetings with Pasternak: A Memoir (London, 1977) pp. 7-30; and Andrei Sin­ yavskii 'Poeziya Pasternaka', preface to Boris Pasternak, Stikhotvore­ niya i poemi (M.1965) pp. 9--62. 40. Olga Hughes, The Poetic World of Boris Pasternak (Princeton, 1974). 41. Boris Pasternak, Safe Conduct: An Early Autobiography and Other Works (London, 1959), p. 187. 42. See David Magarshack (trans.) Konstantin Stanislavsky, Stanislavsky on the Art of the Stage (London, 1961). 43. See Edward Braun, The Theatre of Meyerhold (London, 1979) pp. 102-13. 44. Vladimir Markov, Russian Futurism: A History (London, 1969) pp. 147-51. 45. This compendium (of January 1914) was confiscated by the censorship. See Wiktor Woroszylski, The Life of Mayakovsky (London, 1972) pp. 88-9. 46. Raymond Cooke, Velimir Khlebnikov: A critical study (Cambridge, 1983) pp. 82-9. 47. The challenge was signed 'amidst a sea of boos and indignation' by Burliuk, Kruchenykh and Mayakovsky. See Woroszylski, Mayakovsky, pp.43-51. 48. V. V. Mayakovsky, Sochineniya, vol. I (M.1970) p. 41. Of some 120 members of the Petrograd intelligentsia summoned to a meeting at the Smolny Institut by the new authorities, only six (including Blok, Meyer­ hold and Mayakovsky) attended. 49. 'Open Letter to Workers' (15 March 1918) and 'Order No. 1. On the Democratisation of Art', Woroszylski, Mayakovsky, p. 194. 50. Published in lskusstvo kommuny, 15 December 1918. 51. Set up in January 1918. See Fitzpatrick, The Commissariat of Enlighten- ment, chapter 6. 52. Quoted in ibid., pp. 125--6. 53. Woroszylski, Mayakovsky, pp. 212-13. 54. See Edward J. Brown, Mayakovsky: A Poet in the Revolution (New Jersey, 1973 pp. 204--6. 55. Barooshian, Brik and Mayakovsky pp. 39-40. 56. The theme of retribution is prominent in his post-revolutionary poetry. 'Night in the Trench' (brought out by the Imaginist publishing house in 1921) shows Civil War struggles through the implacable eyes of Scythian stone statues who interrupt the Red victory to prophecy a typhus epidemic. In 'Night Search', he shows a group of Red sailors looting and carousing, prior to being suffocated by the wife and mother of a soldier they had murdered. See further Vladimir Markov, The Longer Poems of Velimir Khlebnikov (Berkeley, 1962) chapters 7 and 8. 272 Notes and References 57. Ibid., pp. 146-53. 58. See Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Visions and Exper­ imental Life in the Russian Revolution (Oxford, 1989). 59. Quoted by D. G. B. Piper, V. A. Kaverin: A Soviet Writer's Response to the Problem of Commitment (Pittsburgh, 1970) p. 33. 60. V. I. Lenin, 'On Party Organisation and Party Literature', 15 November 1905, Polnoe sobraniye sochinenii (M.1958--65) vol. 12, pp. 99-105. 61. For instance, N. I. Krutikova (ed.) V. I. Lenin 0 literature i iskusstve (M.1967); see also V. P. Shcherbina, Problemy literaturovedeniya v svete naslediya V. I. Lenina (M.1971); A. K. Dremov, Partiinost' literatury i sovremennost' ucheniyi Lenina (M.1980). 62. See Peter Reddaway, 'Literature, the Arts and the Personality of Lenin', in Leonard Schapiro and Peter Reddaway (eds), Lenin: The Man, the Theorist, the Leader (London, 1967) pp. 37-70. 63. Ya. M. Strochkov, '0 stat'e V. I. Lenina', Voprosy istorii 1956 (4) pp.29-37. 64. Kommunist, 1957 (3) pp. 22-3. This is an editorial. 65. See the entries on 'Lenin' and 'Partiinost' v literature' in Kratkaya literaturnaya entsiklopediya vol. 4 (M.1967) and vol. 5 (M.1968). 66. Quoted by Robert V. Daniels, 'Intellectuals and the Russian Revol- ution', Slavic Review, April 1961, pp. 272-3. 67. V. I. Lenin, Sochineniya, vol. 51, pp. 47-9. 68. Fedyukin, Great October, p. 45. 69. N. I. Bukharin and E. Preobrazhensky, The ABC of Communism (London, 1922, reprinted 1969) p. 295. 70. A. V. Lunacharsky. 'Khudozhestvennaya politika sovetskogo gosu­ darstva', Zhizn' iskusstva, 1924 (10). 71. Fitzpatrick, The Commissariat of Enlightenment, p.