Study on the Development of Hill Stations Final Report II TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS..........................................................................................i LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................iv LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATES .......................................................................vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.....................................................................................E-1 LIST OF ACTION PLANS...................................................................................A-1 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 STUDY OBJECTIVES................................................................................. 1-2 1.3 STUDY APPROACH................................................................................... 1-2 1.4 STUDY AREA ............................................................................................. 1-3 1.5 CONCEPT OF CARRYING CAPACITY ..................................................... 1-4 1.6 FORMAT OF REPORT ............................................................................... 1-5 CHAPTER 2 : PENANG HILL 2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 EXISTING SITUATION ............................................................................... 2-1 2.2.1 Physical Environment .......................................................................... 2-1 2.2.2 Biological Environment ........................................................................ 2-5 2.2.3 Socio-Economic Environment............................................................ 2-13 2.2.4 Infrastructure & Utilities...................................................................... 2-23 2.3 STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES & THREATS............ 2-25 2.3.1 Strengths ........................................................................................... 2-25 2.3.2 Weaknesses ...................................................................................... 2-27 2.3.3 Opportunities ..................................................................................... 2-29 2.3.4 Threats............................................................................................... 2-30 2.4 CARRYING CAPACITY............................................................................ 2-32 2.5 ACTION PLANS........................................................................................ 2-34 2.5.1 Development Focus & Guiding Issues............................................... 2-34 2.5.2 Land Use Strategies .......................................................................... 2-35 2.5.3 Socio-Economic Programmes ........................................................... 2-35 2.5.4 Tourism Enhancements..................................................................... 2-38 2.5.5 Biodiversity Conservation .................................................................. 2-41 2.5.6 Infrastructure & Environmental Improvements................................... 2-42 WWF Malaysia i December 2001 Study on the Development of Hill Stations Final Report II TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 : GUNUNG JERAI 3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 EXISTING SITUATION ............................................................................... 3-1 3.2.1 Physical Environment .......................................................................... 3-1 3.2.2 Biological Environment ........................................................................ 3-2 3.2.3 Socio-Economic Environment.............................................................. 3-9 3.2.4 Infrastructure & Utilities...................................................................... 3-14 3.3 STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES & THREATS............ 3-15 3.3.1 Strengths ........................................................................................... 3-15 3.3.2 Weaknesses ...................................................................................... 3-15 3.3.3 Opportunities ..................................................................................... 3-16 3.3.4 Threats............................................................................................... 3-17 3.4 CARRYING CAPACITY............................................................................ 3-18 3.5 ACTION PLANS........................................................................................ 3-19 3.5.1 Development Focus & Guiding Issues............................................... 3-19 3.5.2 Land Use Strategies .......................................................................... 3-20 3.5.3 Socio-Economic & Tourism Enhancement ........................................ 3-20 3.5.4 Biodiversity Conservation .................................................................. 3-22 3.5.5 Infrastructure & Environmental Improvements................................... 3-23 CHAPTER 4 : BUKIT LARUT 4.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 4-1 4.2 EXISTING SITUATION ............................................................................... 4-1 4.2.1 Physical Environment .......................................................................... 4-1 4.2.2 Biological Environment ........................................................................ 4-2 4.2.3 Socio-Economic Environment............................................................ 4-10 4.2.4 Infrastructure & Utilities...................................................................... 4-13 4.3 STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES & THREATS............ 4-14 4.3.1 Strengths ........................................................................................... 4-14 4.3.2 Weaknesses ...................................................................................... 4-15 4.3.3 Opportunities ..................................................................................... 4-16 4.3.4 Threats............................................................................................... 4-17 4.4 CARRYING CAPAPCITY.......................................................................... 4-18 4.5 ACTION PLANS........................................................................................ 4-19 4.5.1 Development Focus & Guiding Issues............................................... 4-19 4.5.2 Land Use Strategies .......................................................................... 4-19 4.5.3 Socio-Economic & Tourism Enhancement ........................................ 4-20 4.5.4 Biodiversity Conservation .................................................................. 4-22 4.5.5 Infrastructure & Environmental Improvements................................... 4-22 WWF Malaysia ii December 2001 Study on the Development of Hill Stations Final Report II TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 5 : LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES 5.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 5-1 5.2 LEGAL ISSUES .......................................................................................... 5-1 5.2.1 Enhance Protection of Hill Stations...................................................... 5-1 5.2.1 Regulation of Transport Services......................................................... 5-2 5.3 INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES........................................................................... 5-4 5.3.1 Lack of Enforcement and Capacity (Human and Technical)................ 5-4 5.3.2 Lack of Co-ordination........................................................................... 5-5 APPENDIX I : REFERENCES APPENDIX II : LIST OF MEETINGS WITH STAKEHOLDERS WWF Malaysia iii December 2001 Study on the Development of Hill Stations Final Report II LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 : Penang Hill Land Use Table 2.2 : Penang Hill Town Area – Land Use Table 2.3 : Slope Analysis of Penang Hill Table 2.4 : Forest Reserves Adjoining Penang Hill Table 2.5 : A Comparison Between The Total Highland Plant Species Found in Peninsular Malaysia with that in Penang Hill Table 2.6 : Endemism and Rarity among Plant Species Found in Penang Hill Table 2.7 : Categorisation of Flora Species in Penang Hill According to Distribution Table 2.8 : Threatened and CITES – Listed Flora Species in Penang Hill Table 2.9 : Conservation Status of Terrestrial Verterbrate Fauna of Penang Hill According to the IUCN’s Red List of Threatened Species Table 2.10 : Terrestrial Vertebrate Fauna of Penang Hill Accorded Protection under the Protection of Wild Life Act, 1972 (applicable to Peninsular Malaysia) Table 2.11 : Buildings Within Forest Reserve and Water Catchment Table 2.12 : Population Distribution, 1991 – 2000 Table 2.13 : Projected Population of Penang Hill, 2000 – 2020 Table 2.14 : Employment by Industrial Sectors, 1991 Table 2.15 : Visitor arrivals to Penang (1996 – 2000) Table 2.16 : Visitor Market Mix, July – September, 1999 – 2000 Table 2.17 : Number of Day Visitors to Penang Hill Table 2.18 : Supply of Hotels and Rooms in Penang State, 1997 – 1999 Table 2.19 : Distribution of Hotel Guests and Hotel Guests Nights, Penang, 1998 and