wh07_te_ch01ca_s02_s.fm Page 20 Friday, October 7, 2005 11:55 AM wh07_se_ch01ca_S02_s.fm Page 20 Tuesday, July 12, 2005 3:04 PM Standards-Based SECTION Instruction 2 WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO Augustus Becomes Emperor Cornelius Tacitus, a Roman historian, was known for his critical Standards-at-a-Glance characterizations of Roman emperors. Here he describes how • History-Social Science 2 the first emperor, Augustus Caesar, achieved that position: Students have learned about how the Greek “ Augustus won over the soldiers with gifts, the populace with philosophers viewed the law. Now they will cheap grain, and all men with the sweets of repose, and so learn the Roman views of law and identify grew greater by degrees, while he concentrated in himself the components of Greco-Roman civilization. the functions of the Senate, the magistrates, and the laws. Augustus Caesar, Emperor He was wholly unopposed, for the boldest spirits had fallen of Rome in marble and in • Analysis Skills in battle, . CS3 Students use a variety of maps and ivory cameo (above) ” documents to interpret human movement, Focus Question How did the government of Rome develop including major patterns of domestic and into an empire? international migration, changing environmental preferences and settlement patterns, the frictions that develop between population groups, and the diffusion of ideas, The Roman Republic and Empire technological innovations, and goods. • English-Language Arts Writing 2.4 Standards Preview Rome began as a small city-state in Italy but ended up ruling the entire Mediterranean world. In the process the Romans estab- H-SS 10.1.1 Analyze the similarities and differences in lished traditions of government that continue to influence the Judeo-Christian and Greco-Roman views of law, reason and faith, and duties of the individual. modern world. The story of Roman success starts with the geogra- Prepare to Read H-SS 10.1.2 Trace the development of Western political phy of Italy. The Italian peninsula looks like a boot jutting into ideas of the rule of law and illegitimacy of tyranny, using the Mediterranean Sea. The peninsula is centrally located in the Build Background Knowledge L3 selections from Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Politics. Mediterranean, and the city of Rome is in the center of Italy. That Ask students what they know about how location helped the Romans as they expanded, first in Italy and ancient Rome was governed. If needed, Terms, People, and Places then into lands around the Mediterranean. have them preview the headings. republic Carthage consul Julius Caesar dictator Augustus Caesar Establishing a Republic L3 Set a Purpose tribune Justinian Because of its geography, Italy was much easier to unify than ■ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection veto Greece. Unlike Greece, Italy is not broken up into small, isolated aloud or play the audio. valleys. Its mountains, which run like a backbone down the length of the peninsula, are less rugged than the mountains of Greece. AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, Reading Skill: Understand Effects Use a chart Augustus Becomes Emperor like the one below to record the effects of changes Finally, Italy has the advantage of broad, fertile plains, both in the in Rome’s government. north, under the shadow of the towering Alps, and in the west, Do you think Tacitus approved of where the Romans settled. Farms in these plains supported a Rome’s becoming an empire? (Prob- growing population. ably not—he seemed to despise the first From Monarchy to Republic emperor, and he was critical of other Effects Etruscan Rule The ancestors of the Romans migrated into Italy by about 800 B.C. They settled along the Tiber River in small vil- emperors.) • • lages scattered over seven low-lying hills. There they herded and ■ • Focus Point out the Section Focus • farmed. Their villages would in time grow into Rome, the city on Question and write it on the board. seven hills. Tell students to refer to this question The Romans shared the Italian peninsula with other peoples. as they read. (Answer appears with Among them were Greek colonists, whose city-states dotted southern Section 2 Assessment answers.) Italy, and the Etruscans, who lived north of Rome. For a time, the ■ Preview Have students preview the Section Standards and the list of Terms, People, and Places. Vocabulary Builder ■ Have students read this section using the Guided Questioning Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use word from this section. strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 7; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3 have students fill in the chart describing High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence the shift from monarchy to republic. commodity, p. 25 n. any article that is bought and sold Reading and Note Taking Silk is a commodity that people have valued since ancient times. Study Guide, p. 8 20 Sources of the Democratic Tradition wh07_se_ch01ca_S02_s.fmwh07_te_ch01ca_s02_s.fm Page 21 Page Sunday, 21 July Friday, 24, 2005 October 12:26 PM7, 2005 11:55 AM Etruscans ruled much of central Italy, including Rome itself. An aristocracy of nobles, led by a king, controlled each Etruscan city-state. Teach A New Government The Romans drove out the Etruscans in 509 B.C. They set up a new government in which the people chose some officials. Establishing a They called it a republic, or “thing of the people.” A republic, Romans thought, would keep any individual from gaining too much power. Republic H-SS 10.1.1 L3 In the early republic, the most powerful governing body was the sen- Instruct ate. Its 300 members were all patricians, meaning they belonged to the landholding upper class. Senators, who served for life, made the laws. ■ Introduce: Key Terms Have stu- Each year, the senators elected two consuls from among the patricians. dents find the term republic (in blue) The consuls supervised the business of government and commanded in the text and explain its meaning. Rome’s armies. Consuls, however, could serve only one term. Also, they Ask How does a republic differ had to consult with the senate on major issues. By limiting the consuls’ from a monarchy or an aristocracy time in office and making them responsible to the senate, Rome had a of nobles? (People do not choose a system of checks on the power of government. The Roman Forum monarch or members of an aristocracy.) In the event of war, the senate might choose a dictator, or ruler who The Roman Forum (below) was a collection Is everyone in a republic consid- has complete control over a government. The law granted each Roman of buildings that stood at the heart of ered equal? (Not necessarily; the ple- dictator the power to rule for six months. Then he had to give up power. ancient Rome. Buildings included temples, beians in Rome had much less power Romans admired Cincinnatus as a model dictator. Cincinnatus organized monuments, and the Curia—the meeting place of the Roman Senate. The Twelve than the patricians, for example.) an army, led the Romans to victory over an attacking enemy, attended Tables (inset) were displayed in the Forum ■ Teach Explain that after the Romans victory celebrations, and returned to his farmlands—all within 16 days. so that everyone would know what the laws were. overthrew the Etruscan monarch, more Common People Demand Equality The common people, or plebe- than 60 years passed before the rights ians, made up the bulk of the Roman population. Yet they had little influ- of the common people significantly ence on government. The efforts of these farmers, merchants, artisans, improved. Ask How did the Laws of and traders to gain power shaped politics in the early republic. the Twelve Tables help the plebe- The plebeians’ first breakthrough came in 450 B.C., when the govern- ians? (It gave them the right to appeal ment had the laws of Rome inscribed on 12 tablets and set up in the Forum, or marketplace. Plebeians had protested that citizens could not a judgment handed down by a patri- know what the laws were, because they were not written down. The cian judge.) How did the tribunes Laws of the Twelve Tables made it possible serve as a check on the power of for the first time for plebeians to appeal a government? (They could veto laws judgment by a patrician judge. that might be harmful to the plebeians.) Over time, the plebeians gained the ■ Quick Activity Invite the class to right to elect their own officials, called debate the Roman senate’s practice of tribunes, to protect their interests. The appointing a dictator in times of crisis. tribunes could veto, or block, laws harm- Encourage students to support their ful to plebeians. Little by little, Rome’s opinions with reasoned argument. You common people forced the senate to might extend the debate by asking choose plebeians as consuls and finally to open the senate itself to plebeians. whether this practice should ever be used in the present-day United States. A Lasting Legacy Although the senate still dominated the government, the com- mon people had gained access to power and won safeguards for their rights with- out having to resort to war or revolution. More than 2,000 years later, the framers of the United States Constitution would adapt such Roman ideas as the senate, the veto, and checks on power. Standards Check How did the Roman Republic differ from government under the Etruscans? H-SS 10.1.1 Solutions for All Learners Answer L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers L2 English Language Learners Have students scan this page to find nouns that name Use the following resources to help students acquire Under the Etruscans, a group of nobles, led by Romans who held different levels of power in the basic skills.