RURAL URBAN MIGRATION WITH REFERENCE TO RAIGAD DISTRICT A Synopsis Submitted To The TILAK MAHARASHTRA VIDYAPEETH, PUNE FOR THE DEGREE OF VIDYANISANAAT (M.PHIL.) IN THE GEOGRAPHY UNDER THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE BY RAMCHANDRA SUKDEV PATIL UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF DR. HEMANTKUMAR M. PEDNEKAR NEHRU INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ( A POST GRADUATE & RESEARCH INSTITUTE) MARCH-2009 RURAL URBAN MIGRATION WITH REFERENCE TO RAIGAD DISTRICT A thesis submitted to the Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune For the Degree of Vidyanishnaat (M.Phil.) In the GEOGRAPHY Under the Faculty of Social Science BY RAMCHANDRA SUKDEV PATIL Under the Guidance of Dr. HEMANTKUMAR M. PEDNEKAR NEHRU INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (A POST GRADUATE & RESEARCH INSTITUTE) MARCH-2009 Dr. Hemantkumar M. Pednekar Vice-Principal Kirti College, Dadar -Mumbai To, The Registrar, Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Vidyapeeth Bhavan, Gultekdi-Pune. This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “RURAL URBAN MIGRATION WITH REFERENCE TO RAIGAD DISTRICT” Which is being submitted herewith for the award of the Degree of Vidyanishnaat (M.Phil) in Geography of Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune is the result of original research work completed by Shri RAMCHANDRA SUKDEV PATIL under my supervision and guidance to the best of my knowledge and belief the work incorporated in this thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree of similar title of this or any other University or examining body. Dr. Hemantkumar M. Pednekar Place: Mumbai Date: 09/04/2009 Mr.R.S.Patil C/O Mr.V.N. Mahajan Matoshri Niwas Mahadikwadi Pen Raigad 402107 To, The Registrar Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Vidyapeeth Bhavan, Gultekdi-Pune. Subject; - Submission of three copies of dissertation for the award of M.Phil degree. Respected Sir, I hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “RURAL URBAN MIGRATION WITH REFERENCE TO RAIGAD DISTRICT” completed and written by me has not previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree or other similar title of this or any other University or examining body. I submitting three copies of dissertation along with 10 copies of synopsis for the award of M.Phil degree. So please accept and acknowledge the same Ramchandra Sukdev Patil Place: - PEN Date:- 09/04/2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The study has been conducted with the purpose of examining the socio- economic condition of the migrants. My curiosity to study the socio-economic condition of the migrant population in Raigad was generated while interacting with the villagers at the time of T.Y.B.A. (Geog) village survey. In that survey we found that the number of households is suffering from the problems of migration. The result and recommendations of the study can provide help to the Government agencies in framing some specific and detailed strategy. The study will be useful to the policy makers, researchers, Govt. financial institution and all those who want to know and reform the socio-economic condition of the migrants. This type of study, in its academic, intellectual and practical context could not have been undertaken and completed without the inspiration, encouragement and active guidance of Dr.Hemantkumar M. Pednekar. His valuable and spirited guidance enabled me to complete the present work in an efficient and enjoyable manner. I express my sincerest gratitude to him. I am grateful to Dr. Vilasrao J. Patil and Prof. Jaikumar Gosavi. Prof. J.J.Wami, Prof. A.M.Patil, Dr.V.N.Gumma, Prof. B.E.Walunj Mr. Narendra Palve, Prof.V.D.Bhabat and Prof. P.D.Patil for their valuable suggestions, comments and co-operation. I especially wish to express my heartiest thanks to Shri.G.G.Joshi, Librarian for his co-operation and help extended to me to complete the research work. I am highly thankful to all my past students, especially Mr.Dashrath Erankar, Mrs Pragati Mhatre, Mr.Prasad Wani, Mr.Vikrant Mhatre, Mr. Sandeep Mhatre, Ms. Pradnya Wani, Mr. Sagar Patil. I am grateful to Prin. A. D. Vanjari & Dr.S.B.Dharap for helping me to complete this research work. My thanks are due to my fellow friends and colleagues for their advice and comment at various stages. I also extend my sincere thanks to all those persons who have directly and indirectly encouraged me to complete this research work. Finally, it would have been practically impossible for me to do this project without the moral co-operation and deeper sense of i understanding from my wife, Sushma and son Aditya, sister SumanTai Vanjari, Mr.Sitaram Patil, Mrs.Latabai Patil and Mrs.Prabhavati Wani. No words of thanks are adequate enough to return and truly acknowledge their love & affection that I always enjoyed. ii INDEX 1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. 1. INTRODUCTION . 01-16 1.1. Objective of Study. 03 1.2. Hypothesis. 03 1.3. Research Design. 04 1.4. Tools of Primary Data. 04 1.5. Tools of Secondary Data. 04 1.6 Review of Literature. 05 2.STUDY AREA- RAIGAD DISTRICT. 17-37 2.1. Historical Background. 18 2.1. Geography of Raigad. 18 2.2. Location. 18 2.3. Boundaries. 20 2.4. Topography. 20 2.5. Hills and Rivers. 20 2.6. Soils. 22 2.7. Climate. 23 2.8 . Rainfall. 23 2.9. Area and Territorial Changes. 24 2.10. Forest. 24 2.11. Minerals. 25 2.12. Population. 25 2.13. Agriculture . 30 2.14. Fishing. 31 2.15. Religious and cultural. 32 iii 2.16 Forts. 33 2.17 Beaches. 34 2.18 Hill Station. 34 2.19 Caves. 34 2.20 Hot Spring. 34 2.21 Infrastructure. 34 2.22 Transport and Communication. 34 2.23 Road Length in Raigad District . 35 2.24 Communication. 36 2.25 Educational Facilities. 36 2.26 Banking. 37 2.27 Health Facilities. 37 2.28 Electricity Supply. 37 2.29 Power Generation Plant . 38 2.30 Industrial Raigad District. 39 3. INTRA-REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN MIGRANTS OF RAIGAD. 41-68 3.1 Selection of Indicators of Migration. 41 3.2. Preparation of Base-Maps. 42 3.3. Growth –Rate of Population. 42 3.4. Sex- Ratio. 48 3.5. Percentage of Females in Workforce. 56 3.6. Dependency Ratio . 61 3.7. An Evaluation of the Four Indicators. 67 3.8. Selection of the Sample Villages. 68 iv 4. ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE VILLAGE . 70-101 4.1. Occupation of The Head of Household . 70 4.2. Size of Land Holdings 71 4.3. Major Crops. 73 4.4. Destination of Migrants. 75 4.5. Characteristics of Migration. 77 4.5.1 Sex Composition of Migrants . 77 4.5. 2 Age of The Migrants. 79 4.5.3 Educational Status of the Migrants. 81 4.5.4 Educational Attainment of the Migrants. 83 4.5.5 Marital Status of the Migrants. 86 4.5.6 Number of Children of Migrants. 88 4.5.7 Reasons for Migration. 90 4.5.8 Occupation of the Migrants. 91 4.5.9 Income of the Migrants. 94 4.5.10 Residential Status. 96 4.5.11 Remittance to Native Places . 97 4.5.12 Migrants’ Visit to Native place. 99 5. CONCLUSIONS. 102-105 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY . 106-108 7. APPENDIX –I v TABLES 1) Table 2.1. Types of Forest. 25 2) Table 2.2. Population (2001) census . 26 3) Table 2.3 Population Growth (1921-2001). 26 4) Table 2.4 Raigad Population Growth. 27 5) Table 2.5 Number of Literates and Literacy Rate by Sex 27 6) Table 2.6 Raigad -Total Population, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes Population and their Proportions to total Population. 28 7) Table 2.7 Raigad- Distribution of Total Workers by Category. 28 8) Table 2.8 Raigad-Rural – Urban Population. 29 9) Table 2.9 Raigad- Male, Female and Destiny of Population. 29 10) Table 2.10 Raigad-Literacy Rate (2001 Census (%)). 29 11) Table 2.11 Raigad -ST and SC Population (1991 Census). 30 12) Table 2.12 Raigad- Tourist Places - Forts. 32 13) Table 2.13 Raigad -Tourist Places –Caves. 33 14) Table 2.14 Raigad -Road Length (March 2006). 35 16) Table 2.15 Raigad- Power Generation Plants. 38 18) Table 2.16 Raigad -Captive Power Generation Plants . 38 19) Table 3.1 Raigad -Growth Rates of Population (Compared to State & National Figures) . 42 20) Table 3.2 Raigad-Tahsils Categorized According to Their Growth-Rates(1981-2001). 44 21) Table 3.3 Raigad- Sex-Ratio (Compared to State and National Figures, 1981-2001). 49 vi 22) Table 3.4 Sex-Ratio of Raigad and Maharashtra (1901-2001). 50 23) Table 3.5 Raigad -Tahsils Classified on The Basis of Sex-Ratio ( 1981-2001). 52 24) Table 3.6 Raigad- Percentage of Females in Workforce (Compared to State and National Figures, 1981-2001) . 56 25) Table 3.7 Raigad Tahsils Classified According to Percentage of Females in Workforce, 1981-2001. 57 26) Table 3.8 Raigad -Dependency Ratio (Compared to State and National Figures, 1981-2001). 61 27) Table 3.9 Raigad-Tahsils Classified According to Dependency Ratio (1981-2001). 63 28) Table 4.1 Occupation of the Head of Households. 70 29 ) Table 4.2 Classification of Household According to Size of Land Holdings. 72 30) Table 4.3 Major Crops. 74 31) Table 4.4 Destination of Migrants. 75 32) Table 4.5 Sex Composition of Migrants. 78 33) Table 4.6 Age of the Migrants . 80 34) Table 4.7 Educational Status of the Migrants . 82 35) Table 4.8 Educational Attainment of the Migrants. 84 36) Table 4.9 Marital Status of the Migrants 87 37) Table 4.10 Number of Children of Migrants. 88 38) Table 4.11 Reasons for Migration. 90 39) Table 4.12 Occupation of the Migrants.