Large Marine Ecosystems of the World: An Annotated Bibliography E. Kelley (editor) U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO-167 October 2016 Large Marine Ecosystems of the World: An Annotated Bibliography E. Kelley (editor) NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO-167 October 2016 U.S. Department of Commerce Penny S. Pritzker, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Kathryn D. Sullivan, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Eileen Sobeck, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries Recommended citation: Large marine ecosystems of the world: an annotated bibliography (E. Kelley, ed.), 2016. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO-167, 94 p. Also available through the NOAA LISD Current References 2016-03. Copies of this report may be obtained from: Office of Science and Technology National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1315 East-West Highway [SSMC3, Office #12620] Silver Spring, MD 20910 Or online at: http://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/tm/ or http://www.lib.noaa.gov/researchtools/subjectguides/bibliographies.html ii Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 3 A. Literature search for journal publications ............................................................................................. 3 B. Other literature ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Annotated Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………..4 A. LME Volumes ....................................................................................................................................... 4 B. Journal Publications .............................................................................................................................. 6 Group One ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Group Two .......................................................................................................................................... 18 Group Three ........................................................................................................................................ 26 Group Four .......................................................................................................................................... 43 Group Five .......................................................................................................................................... 67 C. IOC-IUCN-NOAA Consultative Committee Meeting on Large Marine Ecosystems Reports .......... 86 D. Other relevant reports ......................................................................................................................... 88 References ................................................................................................................................................ 94 iii Introduction Large marine ecosystems (LMEs) are areas of coastal oceans delineated on the basis of ecological characteristics—bathymetry, hydrography, productivity, and trophically linked populations (Sherman and Alexander, 1986). LMEs cover large areas on the order of 200,000 km2 and greater. Their ecologically defined boundaries generally transcend national political boundaries and encompass coastal ocean domains of two or more countries, thereby fostering international cooperation among countries working towards implementation of ecosystem-based management (EBM) of LME goods and services. The 66 LMEs of the world annually produce 80% of the global marine fisheries biomass yield (Pauly et al., 2008) and contribute an estimated $12.6 trillion (USD) in goods and services annually to the global economy (Costanza et al., 1997). LMEs also include global centers of marine tourism, shipping, mining, and energy production. For example, the Gulf of Mexico LME supports offshore gas and oil energy production, extensive commercial and recreational fisheries, and extensive tourism sectors of the U.S. economy. These ecosystems, and the services they provide, threatened by overfishing, pollution, habitat degradation, eutrophication, the loss of biodiversity, acidification, and the effects of climate change. The LME approach to the assessment, monitoring, and management of coastal marine resources is multidisciplinary and multisectoral, built on the need to link natural sciences with social sciences to achieve a more holistic management strategy for addressing human and environmental threats. This approach was introduced in the 1980s by Dr. Kenneth Sherman of NOAA and Dr. Lewis Alexander of the University of Rhode Island (Sherman and Alexander, 1986). The LME approach was further developed through a series of symposia with the American Association for the Advancement of Science and workshops with the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (IOC-UNESCO) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States (Sherman 1993, 2016). The outcome of these workshops was the five-module assessment framework of both natural-science- and social- science-based suites of indicators for monitoring changing conditions in LMEs. There are three natural-science-based suites: (i) productivity, (ii) fish and fisheries, and (iii) pollution and ecosystem health; and two social science suites focused on the human dimensions of LMEs: (iv) socioeconomics and (v) governance. In 1995, the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), an international financial institution for supporting sustainable development of natural resources, adopted the LME assessment and management approach for planning and implementing the coastal and marine projects of their International Waters focal area. Since then, the GEF has catalyzed $3.15 billion in financial assistance to 110 developing countries across the globe to support the implementation of EBM of coastal and marine resources in 22 LMEs (Sherman, 2014). 1 The LME approach has also received notable recognition in recent years. NOAA has recognized the LME approach as one of the 10 major scientific breakthroughs since the beginning of the agency and the establishment of the Coast Survey by President Thomas Jefferson in 1807 (see http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/breakthroughs/ecosystems/welcome.html). In 2010, the Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force of the White House Council on Environmental Quality issued their final recommendations document, which designates LMEs as coastal ocean domains for implementing ecosystem-based management practices (United States, 2010). In 2015, the GEF published a report for distribution to the Conference of Parties (COP21) meeting in Paris, describing the LME approach as “the cornerstone of the GEF strategy for ocean and coastal conservation and the GEF is the leading global funding source for transboundary water systems” (GEF, 2015). The sound scientific foundation for the LME approach to EBM has developed through a large body of literature. Since the publication of the seminal volume Variability and Management of Large Marine Ecosystems (Sherman and Alexander, 1986), a total of 14 LME volumes with contributions from 450 authors have been published by AAAS, Blackwell Science, and Elsevier Science. An additional four LME volumes have been published by IUCN (2009, 2010) and jointly by UNDP and GEF (2012, 2013). In addition to the volumes, the LME approach has provided a common basis for a growing number of comparative studies published in scientific journals. Since 1983, LMEs have been mentioned in 392 journal articles and served as the basis of specific case studies or as comparative LME studies in 304 of them. This work has continued in 2016 with the IOC-UNESCO Transboundary Waters Assessment Program (TWAP), which produced a global assessment of the ecological conditions of the world’s 66 LMEs based on a 2- year study sponsored by the GEF. In April 2016, a theme volume of Elsevier Science’s journal Environmental Development, titled “Ecosystem based management of Large Marine Ecosystems,” was published as Volume 17, Part 1 (Sherman and Hamukuaya, 2016). As described in this document, the LME published literature has grown significantly since the early 1980s. To provide a reliable source for the widely disseminated LME literature, an electronic search effort was undertaken by NOAA Fisheries in 2015. The present annotated bibliography is a result of this effort. The literature search included more than120 journals, 18 published LME volumes, and 38 reports. 2 Methodology A. Literature Search for Journal Publications Searches for peer-reviewed journal articles were conducted in 2015, using the Web of Science database, the Duke University online databases, and the Google Scholar search engine. Keyword search results (listed later) for each database/search engine were first screened based on exclusion criteria (listed later). If the keyword searches passed, the full text was opened in Adobe Acrobat Pro, and the Find tool was used to check the entire document for keywords. Documents with at least one keyword were