Ministry of Ukraine of Emergencies All-Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute for Civil Defense of population and territories from technogenic and natural emergences. «Twenty-five Years after Chornobyl Accident: Safety for the Future» National Report of Ukraine Кyiv 2011 УДК 621.311.25:621.039.586](477.41-21) ББК 31.47(4Укр-4Киї)-08 Д22 To compile the National Report materials of the following organizations were used: Ministry of Ukraine of Emergencies, Ministry of Energy and coal-mining industry of Ukraine, Ministry of Public health of Ukraine, State Nuclear regulatory inspection of Ukraine, Committee on Environmental Policy, Use of Natural Resources and Elimination of Consequences of Chornobyl Disaster at Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, National Academy of medical sciences of Ukraine, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, National Commission on Radiological Protection of Ukraine. The materials included in the report were compiled by: Abramenko I.V. (3.3.3); Bazyka D.A. (3.3; 7.5.1); Baklan V.A. (8.2); Balashov L.S. (2.1.3); Bakhanova Ye.V. (3.1.1); Bebeshko V.G. (3); Belousova L.P. (7.3.2); Bilyj Д.O. (3.3.1); Bogdanova T.I. (3.2.4); Bondarenko G.M. (2.1.3); Borysyuk M.M. (7; 8); Boyuk L.T. (7.2.4); Buzunov V.O. (3.2); Vasylenko V.V. (3.1.3); Vdovenko V.Yu. (3.2.3); Vynograds’ka V.D. (2.2.3); Voznyuk V.M. (7.2.1.); Voytsekhovytch О.V. (2.1.1; 2.2.2); Voytchulene Yu.S. (3.2.1); Galkina S.G.Г. (3.3.1); Garger E.K. (2.1.1); Giryj V.A. (2.1.1); Glygalo V.M. (7.4); Gramotkin I.I. (5); Grygorash О.V. (7.3.4); Grodzinsky D.M. (2.2.1); Gudzenko N.A. (3.2.1); Gudkov I. M. (7.2.4); Davydov M.M. (2.2.4); Davydchyuk S.V. (2.1.1); Dolin V.V. (2.1.3, 2.2.1); Dutov O.I. (2.1.2; 7.2.1); Dyagil I.S. (3.3.1); Evdin O.M. (8.3); Zhdanova N.M. (2.1.3); Zajvenko V.V. (7.2.5); Ivanova V.E. (8.2; 8.3); Ivanov Yu.O. (2.1.3); Ilyk A.A. (5); Ishchenko A.V. (4.2; 7.2.2; 7.5.1); Yoshchenko V.I. (2.2.1); Kalynenko L.V. (7.2.3); Kanivets V.V. (2.1.1); Kashparov V.O. (2.1.3; 2.2; 2.3); Kilotchits’ka T.P. (7.3.4); Kireev S.I. (2.1.1; 2.1.2); Kymakovs’ka N.O. (2.2.1); Klyuchnikov O.O. (1; 5; 5.1); Kovalenko O.M. (3.2.4; 3.3.1); Kovalyukh M.M. (2.1.3); Kovgan L.M. (3.1.3); Kolimasov I. M. (2.1.1); Koltunov B.G. (6.1); Kondratyuk S.Ya. (2.1.3); Konoplyts’ka Т.О. (4.4.1); Korhagin P.O. (6); Kosovets O.O. (2.1.1); Kochkin K.A. (7.3.1); Kravets V.A. (7.3.2); Kravchenko O.S. (4.3); Krasnikova L.I. (3.2.1); Krasnov V.O. (1; 5.1); Krasnov V.P.. (2.2.4); Kutlakhmedov Yu.O. (2.1.4); Kuchma M.D. (7.2.1); Kushka V.M. (7.3.3); Lazarev M.M. (2.2.3); Landin V.P. (2.1.2; 2.2.4; 7.2.1); Laptev G.V. (2.1.1); Likhtaryov I.A. (3.1); Loganovsky K.M. (3.4.1); Los’ I.P. (6.2); Masyuk S.V. (3.1.3); Matvienko A.P. (4.2); Medun V.D. (7.3.2); Myshkovs’ka A.A. (7.2.2); Mozhar A.O. (7.2.1); Molchanov M.V. (8.3.3); Nasvit O,I, (7.1); Nechaev S.Yu. (5.1.5); Nikolaeva G.M. (6.2); Ol’khovik Yu.A. (7.3.2); Omeliyanets M.I. (4.4); Omeliyanets S.M. (1.4; 4.4; 7); Omelyashko R.A. (7.5.3.); Orlov O.O. (2.2.4); Perepelyatnikov G.P. (2.2.3; 2.3; 8.3); Perepelyatnikova L.V. (7.5); Polyakova I.O. (6.3); Popova E.I. (7.3.1); Poyarkov V.O. (8; 8.1); Prister B.S. (2); Prykashchikova K.E. (3.2.2); Prysyazhnyuk A.E. (3.2.5); Pushkaryov O.V. (2.1.3); Rybakova E.O. (7.5); Rybchyuk A.N. (7.3.2); Romanenko A.Yu. (3.2.5); Rud’ko V.M. (1; 5.1); Savushchik M.P. (2.2.4); Sayenko Yu.I. (4); Sarkisova E.O. (3.4.4); Seida V.O. (1; 5.2); Skakun V.O. (7.5); Skvortsov V.V. (6.1); Skripkin V.V. (2.1.3); Sobotovytch E.V. (2.1.3; 6); Sova S.I. (7.2.3); Stepanova E.I. (3.2.3); Sushko V.O. (3.4.3; 5.1.5); Sushko T.V. (7.3.4); Tal’ko V.V. (3.3.3); Tabachny L.Ya. (2.1; 7.2.1); Tkachenko N.V. (7.2.1); Tokarevsky V.V. (6.2; 6.3); Tron’ko M.D. (3.2.4); Uyazdovs’ka O.V. (7.2.5); Fedirko P.A. (3.3.2); Khodorivs’ka N.V. (4.2; 4.3.1); Kholosha V.I. (1; 4.1; 5; 7); Tsuprikov V.A. (3.2.1); Chabanyuk V.S. (2.1.1); Chepurny M.I. (3.1.3); Chumak A.A. (3; 7.5.1); Chumak V.V. (3.1.1, 3.1.2); Chupryna S.V. (8.3.2); Shvaiko L.I.(3.4.3); Shvalya S.M. (3; 7.2.2); Shevchenko O.L. (2.1.3); Shestopalov V.M. (2.1.1; 2.1.3; 2.2.2; 6); Shybetsky Yu.O. (6.2); Shmidt L.B. (7.3.1; 7.3.3); Shteynberg M.O. (1.1); Shcherbin V.M. (1; 5; 5.1); Yanovych L.A. (3.4.1). Final version was made by the editorial board: Baloga V.I. (Editor-in-chief), Kholosha V.I. (assistant editor-in chief), Evdin O.M. ((assistant editor-in chief), Perepelyatnikov G.P. (executive secretary), Borysyuk M.M., Ishchenko A.V., Makarovs’ka O.A., Omeliyanets S.M., Serdyuk A.M., Sova S.I., Tabachny L.Ya., Tokarevsky V.V., Khalimon G.V., Shestopalov V.M. Editorial-technical group: Perepelyatnykova L.V., Blazhchuk K.V., Bukovs’ka V.S., Ivanova T.M., Il’ina N.E, Kalynenko L.V., Kashtan G.M., Kymakovs’ka N.O., Rudens’ka G.A.. Co-ordinating organisation: All-Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute for Civil Defense of population and territories from technogenic and natural emergencies (ME of Ukraine). Twenty-five Years after Chornobyl Accident: Safety for the Д22 Future. – K.: KIM. – 328 p. ISBN 978-966-1547-64-2 Scientific report sums up the work on overcoming the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster during 25 years and contains recommendations and conclusions regarding the safety of nuclear power engineering for the future. The authors of chapters are responsible for presentation and reliability of materials УДК 621.311.25:621.039.586](477.41-21) ББК 31.47(4Укр-4Киї)-08 ISBN 978-966-1547-64-2 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. CHERNOBYL CATASTROPHE. IMPLEMENTATION OF FIRST-PRIORITY MEASURES ON MITIGATING ITS CONSEQUENCES .............. 12 1.1. Reasons and scale of the accident at ChNPP ........................................................................... 12 1.2. Measures on limiting radioactive substance releases into the environment............................. 19 1.3. Activities on population protection.......................................................................................... 21 1.4. Establishment of state management system on overcoming the consequences of the Chernobyl catastrophe.................................................................................................... 25 1.5. Shelter Object construction...................................................................................................... 32 2. RADIOECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES. RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION DYNAMICS OF TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES EFFICIENCY ............................................................................................................................... 36 2.1. General characteristics of radioactive contamination in atmosphere, soil, surface water and groundwater ................................................................................................ 36 2.1.1. Scales and characteristics of the area contamination by Chernobyl fallout radionuclides................................................................................ 36 2.1.2. Radiation monitoring system for the environment......................................................... 50 2.1.3. Recovery of ecosystems affected by radioactive contamination.................................... 52 2.1.4. Environmental regulation issue ..................................................................................... 56 2.2. Formation of radiation conditions and economic activities in the areas contaminated as a result of the СhNPP accident .................................................. 59 2.2.1. Radiobiological effects of ionizing radiation impact on biota....................................... 59 2.2.2. Addressing water supply problems in population centres.............................................. 63 2.2.3. Farming in radioactively contaminated areas ................................................................ 64 2.2.4. Solving of radioecological problems of forestry............................................................ 78 2.3. Main tasks and expected future development of agriculture on radioactively contaminated territories ................................................................................ 83 3. RADIOLOGICAL AND HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF CHERNOBYL DISASTER .................................................................................................. 85 3.1. Irradiation doses....................................................................................................................... 85 3.1.1. Radiation doses of clean-up workers of the accident. Retrospective dose reconstruction of clean-up workers of the accident......................... 85 3.1.2. Dosimetry of evacuees ................................................................................................... 94 3.1.3. Population irradiation doses ........................................................................................ 102 3.2. The population health and strategy for its conservation in remote post-accident period ............................................................................................... 110 3.2.1. The health state of the Chernobyl NPP accident clean-up workers.............................. 111 3.2.2. Health state of evacuated in infancy at the time of the accident .................................. 120 3.2.3. Health Effects of the Chernobyl disaster in various contingents of the affected child population.................................................................................... 121 3.2.4. Diseases of thyroid gland ............................................................................................. 130 3 3.2.5. Epidemiological studies of health of the population living in contaminated territories............................................................................................ 136 3.3. Early and long-term effects associated with irradiation ........................................................ 149 3.3.1. Acute radiation syndrome............................................................................................. 149 3.3.2. Radiation cataracts and other eye pathology ...............................................................