MULTILINGUAL PRACTICES IN FINNO-UGRIC COMMUNITIES Uralica Helsingiensia13 Multilingual Practices in Finno-Ugric Communities EDITED BY OUTI TÁNCZOS, MAGDOLNA KOVÁCS & ULRIIKKA PUURA HELSINKI 2018 Outi Tánczos, Magdolna Kovács & Ulriikka Puura (eds.): Multilingual Practices in Finno-Ugric Communities. Orders • Tilaukset Uralica Helsingiensia 13. Tiedekirja Cover Outi Tánczos Snellmaninkatu 13 Layout Anna Kurvinen FI-00170 Helsinki <www.tiedekirja.fi> ISBN 978-952-7262-02-3 (print) <[email protected]> ISBN 978-952-7262-03-0 (online) ISSN 1797-3945 Printon Tallinn 2018 Uralica Helsingiensia The series Uralica Helsingiensia is founded in 2008. It features thematic volumes and mono- graphs on the history, typology and sociology of Uralic languages. Studies focusing on Es- tonian language and culture, Hungarian language and culture, as well as Saamic studies are equally welcome in the series. The series also seeks to support university studies on its focus areas. Uralica Helsingiensia is rated at level 1 by the Publication Forum of the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies. All submitted manuscripts are peer-reviewed. Uralica Helsingiensia on perustettu 2008. Sarjassa julkaistaan temaattisia artikkeli kokoelmia tai monografi oita erityisesti uralilaisten kielten historian, typologian ja kielisosiologian alalta. Aihepiiriin kuuluvat myös Unkarin kielen ja kulttuurin, Viron kielen ja kulttuurin ja saamentutkimuksen yliopisto-opintoja tukevat julkaisut. Sarja kuuluu TSV:n julkaisufoorumin luokituksessa kategoriaan 1, ja siinä noudatetaan vertaisarviointikäytäntöä. Publisher • Julkaisija Finno-Ugrian Society • Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura Editors • Päätoimittajat Ulla-Maija Forsberg, Riho Grünthal Editorial board • Toimitusneuvosto Márta Csepregi, Cornelius Hasselblatt, Magdolna Kovács, Johanna Laakso, Helle Mets- lang, Matti Miestamo, Irma Mullonen, Karl Paju salu, Janne Saari kivi, Anneli Sarhimaa, Elena Skribnik www.sgr.fi/uh The publications are indexed in ARTO data base with the index Urbis. Julkaisut luetteloidaan ja indeksoidaan ARTO-tietokantaan tunnuksella Urbis. Contents Introduction 7 Magdolna Kovács & Boglárka Janurik Grammatical and sociolinguistic aspects of code-switching in Finno-Ugric languages 13 Laura Horváth Aspect and code-switching in Udmurt: the case of the Russian infi nitive + Udmurt karini̮ /kariš̮ kí ni̮ ̮ 77 Svetlana Edygarova Interference from Russian in the possessive morphosyntactic structures of Udmurt in translational test data 113 Maria Frick, Riho Grünthal & Kristiina Praakli A linguistic encounter between neighbors and relatives: reconnecting Estonian and Finnish in terms of contemporary multilingualism 163 Boglárka Janurik Radio Vaigel: voice of the Erzya people – code-switching patterns of Erzya–Russian bilinguals 197 Borbála Pachné Heltai When Hungarian and Finnish meet a local German variety: new everyday linguistic practices in a settlement of southern Hungary 231 Ulriikka Puura Language modes and conversational code-switching in contemporary Veps – a microanalysis 263 Outi Tánczos Multilingual practices and speaker attitudes: the case of Olonets Karelian 297 List of contributors 327 OUTI TÁNCZOS, MAGDOLNA KOVÁCS & ULRIIKKA PUURA University of Helsinki Introduction Луоз-а юаны, уг валаськы мон чик, Мар меда ВАЩЕ сыӵе со ХИПСТЕРлык? ХОТЯ, ярам, али ачим лэсьто мон КЛИК ОКЕЙ, ГУГЛ, ПЛИЗ, «мар со ХИПСТЕРлык?» Англи кылъёс но мур малпанъёс, Совето дырысь пурысьтам гуръёс, Трос цитатаос, пичи гурт нимъёс Мон понна со ваньмыз вал ШИКАРДОС! Can I ask, I just don’t get it FIRST, what’s HIPSTERism? ALRIGHT, fi ne, I’m gonna CLICK OK, GOOGLE, PLEASE, “what’s HIPSTERism”? English words and deep thoughts Soviet melodies covered with mold Lots of quotes, and names of little places To me all that was just really AW ESOME! From Bogdan Anfi nogenov’s Hipsterlyk (performed by Мурӝол Un- derground). Translated into English with Russian and English elements capitalized by Outi Tánczos. Bogdan Anfi nogenov’s Udmurt rap makes the most of multilingual resources, using English and Russian in a way that is unconventional in Udmurt literature, to say the least. It was a natural choice for the fi rst page of this book, which deals with modern everyday encounters between languages. Many Finno-Ugric speech communities are ex- periencing profound transformation. The accelerating erosion of lin- guistic networks and the pace of change are by no means unique in a global context, but in the Finno-Ugric setting this change has become Multilingual Practices in Finno-Ugric Communities. 7–11. Uralica Helsingiensia 13. Helsinki 2018. OUTI TÁNCZOS, ULRIIKKA PUURA & MAGDOLNA KOVÁCS more intense than ever. It is triggered by a fundamental restructur- ing of the social, economic, cultural, and political factors affecting these languages, the fall of traditional language boundaries as well as new forms of mobility and migration. Change in everyday language practices takes place via bilingualism, multilingualism, and in the case of many minorities, an increased use of the majority language. This change produces linguistic phenomena that can collectively be called multilingual practices, referring to any linguistic practice in which more than one language is involved. The authors of this book pay special attention to code-switching, but other viewpoints, such as the background or consequences of code-switching, are strongly repre- sented, resulting in a rich overview of these practices. Multilingualism has been widespread among speakers of many Finno-Ugric languages for centuries. However, until recently linguists were not particularly interested in the phenomenon itself, and also at present there is a considerable lack of studies on the diversity of mul- tilingual practices and their infl uence on Finno-Ugric languages and their speakers. This book is based on papers delivered in the sympo- sium Multilingual practices and code-switching in Finno-Ugric com- munities at the XII International Congress for Finno-Ugric Studies in Oulu in 2015. It is a product of a joint project between the University of Helsinki and Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest. The aim of this project, which is funded by the Academy of Finland and OTKA (Országos Tudományos Kutatási Alapprogramok, the Hungarian Sci- entifi c Research Fund), is to contribute to the scholarly understanding of multilingual practices and the patterns of language change and lan- guage shift. This book combines current approaches to these phenom- ena, ranging from studies illustrating speaker attitudes and language ideologies to studies on grammatical and semantic impact of multi- lingual practices. Our aim is to provide a collection of case studies representing the diversity of multilingual practices in the Finno-Ugric languages and increase the availability of research that can balance the typically Indo-European focus of code-switching studies. Finno-Ugric languages provide a wide range of sociolinguistic situations, and also the contact situations vary accordingly. The ar- ticles in this book present cases of multilingual practices in varying situations. Case studies in this book cover contacts involving stable 8 INTRODUCTION state languages, such as Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian, as well as vulnerable minority languages that have been strongly connected with a traditional, mostly rural way of life (e.g., Veps, Udmurt). The types of contact and therefore also the motivations for multilingualism differ signifi cantly, but often the case studies point to similarities in mul- tilingual practices: community-building, innovation in communica- tion, but also language protection. Some articles in this book analyze Finno-Ugric communities at the level of small communities, villages, or even families, while in others the macro-communities are also pre- sent in the issues that form the framework for multilingual practices: language ideologies, language policy, and development. Many of the articles combine different approaches. However, this book can be roughly divided into two thematic parts. The fi rst part focuses on code-switching as a grammatical issue. In the opening arti- cle of this book, Magdolna Kovács (PhD, University of Helsinki) and Boglárka Janurik (PhD, Universität Hamburg) provide an overview on how multilingual practices have been studied in Finno-Ugric Stud- ies. This fi eld of study has remained less known for the international scholarly community, but a change is taking place with the increase in the number of studies and diversity of approaches. Kovács and Janurik question the existence of a universal grammatical model which would work in all code-switching situations. However, they point out certain common structural features in code-switching between Finno-Ugric and Indo-European languages (case marking, marking possession, ex- pressing time, missing/marking gender, double marking). They also link structural and sociolinguistic features together and discuss the possible differences between the outcomes of the code-switching in different Finno-Ugric languages. The following two articles introduce cases of code-switching in Udmurt. Laura Horváth (MA, Eötvös Loránd University) discusses intrasentential insertion, especially constructions involving Russian infi nitives. She analyzes how these constructions contribute to the as- pectual meaning of Udmurt matrix clauses. This article participates in the discussion on the relationship between code-switching and bor- rowing. Svetlana Edygarova (PhD, University of Helsinki) studies Russian infl uence in Udmurt possessive noun phrases.