GRAMMATICAL COHESION FOUND IN MODERN ENGLISH VERSION PROLOGUE OF BEOWULF TEXT A THESIS BY OKIA KIKI PRAWASTI REG. NO. 120705082 DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2016 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA GRAMMATICAL COHESION FOUND IN MODERN ENGLISH VERSION PROLOGUE OF BEOWULF TEXT A THESIS BY OKIA KIKI PRAWASTI REG. NO. 120705082 SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR Prof. T Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum. NIP. 19571117 198303 2 002 NIP. 19570626 198303 2 001 Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2016 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination. Head, Secretary, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan. The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on 24 June 2016 Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. NIP. 19600805 198703 1 001 Board of Examiners Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. ___________________ Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D. ___________________ Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum. ___________________ UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I, OKIA KIKI PRAWASTI, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION. Signed : Date : June 24th, 2016 v UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION NAME : OKIA KIKI PRAWASTI TITLE OF THESIS : GRAMMATICAL COHESION FOUND IN MODERN ENGLISH VERSION PROLOGUE OF BEOWULF TEXT QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA. Signed : Date : June 24th, 2016 vi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Great thanks to Almighty God, Allah SWT for blessing and giving me everything I need in finishing this thesis. Then, thank you so much for my beloved parents, my mom who has power from beyond her grave to support me, and my Dad Ir. Sudarto who always take care of me. My special gratitude is dedicated to my supervisor, Prof. T Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. and my Co-supervisor, Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum. Thanks for the guidance, advice, help, support and constructive comments during the writing of this thesis. A billion thanks to Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S., the Head of English Department, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., the Secretary, for their attention to all my academic affairs, and Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S., the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies of the University of Sumatera Utara. And for all the staffs, thanks for your valuable helps. Also, my sincere gratitude goes to all my lecturers in English Department who have taught and shared precious knowledge during my study. Big thanks are addressed to all my friends in class of 2012, especially to my closest friends, Indah Permata Sari, Tiffani Saraswati, Widya Ariska, Feny Yolanda, Miranda Amalia, Dian Zelina and Yayu Yohana. Thanks for every best moment we created together. And thanks to Ira and Ria for your support and all things we did in our boarding house. Also, thanks for the other dearest friends and all the people who have helped me in finishing this thesis directly or indirectly that I can not mention one by one. Finally, may this thesis be advantageous for the readers. And at last, thanks to the universe. Medan, June 2014 Okia Kiki Prawasti No. Reg. 120705082 vii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT Cohesive device is divided into two types which all of its types are used to relate word, phrase and sentence in text. Cohesive device consist of grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. This study is concerned with the grammatical cohesion analysis that is entitled Grammatical Cohesion Found in Modern English Version Prologue of Beowulf text. The objectives of this study are to analyze the types of grammatical cohesion and to explain the realization of grammatical cohesion used in Modern English Version Prologue of Beowulf text. This research is conducted by using qualitative method. The source of data is the Modern English version prologue of Beowulf, translated by Francis Barton Gummere in 1910 which were cited from Epic and Saga – Beowulf et.al.: The Five Foot Shelf of Classics, Vol. XLIX by Charles W. Eliot while the data are 37 lines containing the markers of grammatical cohesion. The data analysis applies the theory of cohesion from the Cohesion in English by Halliday and Hasan (1976). They divide grammatical cohesion into four types; they are reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Based on the results of data analysis, the grammatical cohesion found in the prologue of Beowulf text helps the reader understand the meaning contained within the text. The types of grammatical cohesion found in the data are 52 references (86.66 %) which consist of personal, demonstrative and comparative reference. For personal reference, 1 personal reference exophora, 46 personal references anaphora and 1 personal reference cataphora are found. For demonstrative reference, 2 demonstrative reference anaphora and 1 demonstrative reference cataphora are found. And for comparative reference, 1 comparative reference cataphora is found. Moreover only 1 substitution (1.66 %) which is kind of nominal substitution found in the data, and 7 conjunctions (11.66 %) occur in this study. They are 4 additive conjunctions, 2 causal conjunctions and 1 temporal conjunction. However, grammatical cohesion type of ellipsis is not found in the data. It means that the type does not contribute in making the text cohesive. Key words: Grammatical Cohesion, Prologue of Beowulf, Halliday and Hasan. viii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK Perangkat kohesi dibagi menjadi dua tipe dimana semua element dalam tipe itu digunakan untuk menghubungkan kata, frase dan kalimat dalam teks. Perangkat kohesi terdiri dari kohesi gramatikal dan kohesi leksikal. Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan analisis kohesi gramatikal yang berjudul Grammatical Cohesion Found in Modern English Version Prologue of Beowulf text. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis jenis kohesi gramatikal dan menjelaskan realisasi kohesi gramatikal yang digunakan dalam prolog Beowulf versi bahasa Inggris modern. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Sumber datanya adalah prolog Beowulf versi bahasa Inggris modern, diterjemahkan oleh Francis Barton Gummere pada tahun 1910 yang dikutip dari buku Epic and Saga – Beowulf et.al.: The Five Foot Shelf of Classics, Vol. XLIX oleh Charles W. Eliot sedangkan datanya adalah 37 baris yang mengandung penanda kohesi gramatikal. Analisis data menggunakan teori kohesi dalam buku Cohesion in English oleh Halliday dan Hasan (1976). Mereka membagi kohesi gramatikal menjadi empat jenis; yaitu referensi, substitusi, ellipsis, dan konjungsi. Dari hasil analisis, kohesi gramatikal yang ditemukan dalam teks prolog Beowulf dapat membantu pembaca memahami makna yang terkandung dalam teks. Jenis kohesi grammatikal yang ditemukan pada data yaitu 52 referensi (86.66 %) yang terdiri dari referensi personal, demonstratif, dan komparatif. Pada referensi personal, ditemukan 1 referensi personal jenis eksofora, 46 referensi personal jenis anaphora dan 1 referensi personal jenis katafora. Pada referensi demonstratif, ditemukan 2 referensi demonstratif jenis anaphora dan 1 referensi demonstratif jenis katafora. Dan pada referensi komparatif, ditemukan 1 referensi komparatif jenis katafora. Selain itu, hanya 1 substitusi (1.66 %) yaitu jenis subtitusi nominal yang ditemukan pada data, dan 7 konjungsi (11.66 %) yang terdapat dalam penelitian ini; yaitu 4 konjungsi aditif, 2 konjungsi kausal dan 1 konjungsi temporal. Namun, ellipsis adalah jenis kohesi gramatikal yang tidak ditemukan pada data. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa ellipsis tidak berkontribusi dalam membentuk teks yang kohesif. Kata kunci: Kohesi gramatikal, prolog Beowulf, Halliday dan Hasan. ix UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ......................................................................... v COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ..................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................ vii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... viii ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................