Moving Litigation from Dispute Resolution to Conflict Management, Problem Solving and Building Organisation CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THESIS ......................................................................... 4 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Legal process literature overview .................................................................................... 8 1.3 Process reform for substantive transformation ............................................................. 14 1.4 Choice ........................................................................................................................... 20 1.5 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 2: BARNARD: WHO’S CONSTITUTION IS IT ANYWAY? ........................... 25 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 25 2.2 Paradox of predictability ......................................................................................... 27 2.3 Choices inducing unpredictability ........................................................................... 30 2.4 Form and substance .............................................................................................. 32 2.5 Why Barnard? ........................................................................................................ 35 2.6 Structure ................................................................................................................. 41 2.7 Part A: Possibilities for predictability? ................................................................... 43 2.7.1 Objective and subjective influences on litigation .................................................... 44 2.7.1.1 Objective conditions ........................................................................................... 45 2.7.1.1.1 State of politics and the constitutional project ............................................... 45 2.7.1.1.2 Foundations of the economy ......................................................................... 49 2.7.2. Subjective conditions: legal, political and constitutional culture and consciousness. .................................................................................................................... 57 2.7.2.2.1 Distinguishing Culture and Consciousness ................................................... 60 2.7.2.2.2 Legal Culture and Consciousness ................................................................. 62 2.7.2.2.3 Consciousness, culture and unarticulated phenomena ................................ 73 2.7.2.2.4 Political Culture .............................................................................................. 78 2.7.2.2.5 Constitutional Culture .................................................................................... 84 2.7.3 Legal Theories ................................................................................................... 93 2.7.3.1 CLR .................................................................................................................... 94 2.7.3.2 Agonism and jurisgenerative constitutionalism .................................................. 95 2.7.3.3 Experimentalism ................................................................................................ 98 2.7.3.4 Positive vs Normative approach ...................................................................... 100 2.7.4 Unarticulated Factors and Phenomena................................................................ 103 2.7.4.1 Articulating the unarticulated ........................................................................... 103 2.7.4.2 Marital status: unarticulated patriarchy, economics or something else? ......... 105 2.7.5 Causes of unarticulated phenomena ................................................................... 123 2.4.5.1 Ideology ........................................................................................................... 124 2.7.5.2 Defaulting to Binaries ....................................................................................... 150 2.7.5.3 The Judicial Function ....................................................................................... 161 2.7.5.3.1 Trial judge .................................................................................................... 163 2.7.5.3.2 Panel judges ............................................................................................... 167 2.7.5.4 Judges are Human ........................................................................................... 176 2.7.6 Judicial Analytics .............................................................................................. 184 2.5 Part B: Barnard ....................................................................................................... 187 2.8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 187 2.8.2 Ideological dispositions ........................................................................................ 192 2.8.3 A few more facts................................................................................................... 199 2.8.4 Exposing Ms Barnard’s ambiguity ........................................................................ 201 2.8.5 Exposing SAPS’s ambiguity ................................................................................. 207 2.8.6 Exposing inefficiencies ......................................................................................... 209 2 2.8.6.1 Administration compromised ........................................................................... 209 2.8.6.2 Litigants’ failure to follow due process ............................................................. 212 2.8.6.3 Quality of evidence compromised .................................................................... 214 2.8.6.4 Dispute system design (DSD) sacrificed ......................................................... 216 2.8.6.4.1 Processing the Grievance ........................................................................... 221 2.8.6.4.2 At mediation ................................................................................................. 224 2.8.6.4.3 How the legal actors responded .................................................................. 225 2.8.6.5 Collateral Damage ........................................................................................... 229 2.8.6.5.1 Rules of evidence undermined .................................................................... 230 2.8.6.5.2 Evidential deficits – a gateway for deference .............................................. 232 2.8.6.5.3 Deference trumped precedent ..................................................................... 234 2.8.6.5.4 Deference triggered process choices .......................................................... 237 2.8.6.5.5 Deference trumped dialogical constitutionalism .......................................... 240 2.8.6.5.6 Deference trumped reconciliation ................................................................ 241 2.8.7 Unarticulated Factors and Phenomena? ............................................................. 243 2.8.7.1 CC: Cameron J’s conundrum .......................................................................... 243 2.8.7.2 SCA: Unarticulated and unidentifiable phenomena? ....................................... 247 2.8.8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 255 CHAPTER 3. WHY CARE ABOUT LITIGATION? ...................................................... 258 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 258 3.2. Choice ........................................................................................................................ 260 3.3 Complexity ................................................................................................................... 263 3.3.1 Interest or rights disputes ..................................................................................... 266 3.3.2 Public or private.................................................................................................... 276 3.3.3 National or international ....................................................................................... 277 3.4 Polycentricity ........................................................................................................ 278 3.5 Separation of powers ........................................................................................... 280 3.6 Context. ....................................................................................................................... 290 3.7 Bulwark ........................................................................................................................ 305 3.8 Form and substance ................................................................................................... 310 3.9 Dialogue ...................................................................................................................... 317 3.10 Participation ..............................................................................................................