A PASTORAL THEOLOGICAL APPROACH TO INTERRELIGIOUS DIALOGUE AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CHRISTIAN-MUSLIM DIALOGUE IN TANZANIA Dissertation to obtain the academic grade of Doctor of Theology Submitted at the Institute of Pastoral Theology and Pastoral Psychology of the Catholic Theological Faculty of the Karl-Franzens-University Graz By Mathew Thomas Thazhathukunnel M.Th. First Reader: Univ. Prof. Dr. Rainer Bucher Second Reader: Univ. Prof. Dr in . Ulrike Bechmann Graz, April 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................... VII ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. IX GENERAL INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1 1. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHRISTIAN-MUSLIM RELATIONS IN TANZANIA ........................................................................................................ 12 1.1. The Emergence of Tanzania as a Nation .................................................... 13 1.1.1. Tanzania before 1850 ........................................................................... 13 1.1.2. Tanzania after 1850 .............................................................................. 17 1.2. Religions in Tanzania .................................................................................. 23 1.2.1. African Traditional Religion ................................................................... 24 1.2.1.1. Defining African Traditional Religion .............................................. 25 1.2.1.2. Characteristics of ATR.................................................................... 26 1.2.1.3. The relevance of ATR in Tanzania Today ...................................... 30 1.2.2. Islam ..................................................................................................... 32 1.2.2.1. Muslim Denominations in Tanzania ................................................ 34 1.2.2.2. Islamic Organizations in Tanzania .................................................. 35 1.2.3. Christianity ............................................................................................ 37 1.2.3.1. Christianity in the Sixteenth century ............................................... 37 1.2.3.2. Christianity since the Nineteenth century ....................................... 38 1.3. Christian-Muslim Relations ......................................................................... 42 1.3.1. Christian-Muslim Relationship under the Portuguese and the Arabs .... 43 1.3.2. Christian-Muslim Relations under the Germans ................................... 47 1.3.3. Christian-Muslim Relationship under the British ................................... 51 1.3.4. Christian-Muslim Relations in the Post Independence Era ................... 55 1.3.5. Christian-Muslim Relations since 1985 ................................................. 59 1.3.5.1. Failure of Ujamaa and new economic policy .................................. 60 1.3.5.2. Religious Revivalism ...................................................................... 61 1.4. The State and Religion ............................................................................... 69 1.4.1. Education and Employment .................................................................. 71 1.4.2. Religious Fundamentalism ................................................................... 75 I 1.4.3. Islamic courts ........................................................................................ 77 1.4.4. The Organization of Islamic Conference ............................................... 79 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 80 2. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHRISTIAN-MUSLIM DIALOGUE IN TANZANIA ........................................................................................................ 82 2.1. Christian-Muslim Dialogue before Vatican II ............................................... 83 2.2. Christian-Muslim Dialogue after Vatican II .................................................. 84 2.2.1. The Influence of Nostra Aetate in Tanzania .......................................... 85 2.2.2. The White Fathers and Dialogue .......................................................... 91 2.2.3. African Synods ..................................................................................... 97 2.3. Organizations for Dialogue ....................................................................... 100 2.3.1. Tanzanian Episcopal Conference (TEC) ............................................ 100 2.3.2. The Christian Council of Tanzania (CCT) ........................................... 102 2.3.3. Muslim-Christian Commission for Peace, Development and Conflict Resolution in Tanzania (TUWWAMUTA) ............................................ 103 2.3.4. Association of Member of Episcopal Conferences in Eastern Africa (AMECEA) .......................................................................................... 104 2.3.5. The Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM) ............................................................................................ 105 2.3.6. The Programme for Christian-Muslim Relations in Africa (PROCMURA) .................................................................................... 107 2.3.7. The World Conference of Religions for Peace Tanzania (WCRP Tz) . 110 2.3.8. Tanzania Youth Interfaith Network (TYIN) .......................................... 111 2.3.9. Global Network of Religions for Children (GNRC) .............................. 112 2.3.10. The Union of Muslims and Christians of Rufiji (UWAWARU) ............ 113 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 114 3. THEOLOGICAL BASES AND MAGISTERIAL TEACHINGS ON CHRISTIAN – MUSLIM DIALOGUE .............................................................. 116 3.1. The Meaning of Dialogue .......................................................................... 117 3.2. The Bases of Interreligious Dialogue ........................................................ 119 3.2.1. The Biblical Basis for Dialogue ........................................................... 120 3.2.1.1. The Old Testament and Other Religions ...................................... 120 3.2.1.2. New Testament and Other Religions ............................................ 125 II 3.2.2. Patristic Basis for Dialogue ................................................................. 129 3.2.2.1. St. Justin Martyr ........................................................................... 130 3.2.2.2. St. Irenaeus .................................................................................. 131 3.2.2.3. St. Clement of Alexandria ............................................................. 132 3.2.2.4. St. Augustine ................................................................................ 134 3.2.3. Trinitarian Basis for Dialogue .............................................................. 135 3.2.3.1. The Concept of Person in Trinity .................................................. 136 3.2.3.2. Immanent and Economic Trinity ................................................... 139 3.2.3.3. Trinitarian Communion as Model for Dialogue ............................. 140 3.2.4. Christological Basis of dialogue .......................................................... 143 3.2.5. Pneumatological Basis of Dialogue .................................................... 146 3.2.6. Anthropological Basis of dialogue ....................................................... 149 3.3. Magisterial Teachings on Christian – Muslim Dialogue ............................. 152 3.3.1. Pre – Vatican II understanding of Interreligious Dialogue ................... 153 3.3.1.2. Ecclesiocentrism .......................................................................... 153 3.3.1.2. Christianity in Dialogue with Islam ................................................ 154 3.3.2. Vatican II and Interreligious dialogue .................................................. 157 3.3.2.1. Ecclesiam Suam ........................................................................... 158 3.3.2.2. Lumen Gentium ............................................................................ 159 3.3.2.3. Nostra Aetate ............................................................................... 160 3.3.2.4. Dignitatis Humane ........................................................................ 168 3.3.2.5. Ad Gentes .................................................................................... 170 3.3.2.6. Gaudium et spes .......................................................................... 171 3.3.3. Post-Conciliar Documents .................................................................. 173 3.3.3.1. Redemptor Hominis ...................................................................... 173 3.3.3.2. Dominum et Vivificantem .............................................................. 175 3.3.3.3. Redemtoris Missio ........................................................................ 175 3.3.4. Papal Messages and Addresses ........................................................ 176 3.3.4.1. Paul VI .......................................................................................... 176 3.3.4.2. John Paul II .................................................................................