The work of the Anjuman Samaji Behbood and the larger Faisalabad context, Pakistan Salim Alimuddin, Arif Hasan and Asiya Sadiq IIED Working Paper 7 on Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas This is one of ten case studies that were part of an IIED research programme on “Urban Poverty Reduction Programmes: Lessons of Experience”. The research was undertaken with support from the UK Government’s Department for International Development/DFID (project number R6859) and from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). The publications that are the result of this work are listed at the end of this paper. The ten case studies demonstrate the important roles that local institutions have (or can have) in contributing to poverty reduction in urban areas. They show that: • many aspects of poverty need to be addressed, including not only inadequate livelihoods, income levels and asset bases but also poor quality and often insecure housing, inadequate infrastructure and services, inadequate legal protection of poorer groups’ rights, and “voicelessness and powerlessness” within political systems and bureaucratic structures; • there are often positive multiplier linkages as actions to reduce one aspect of poverty can help reduce other aspects; • there are many possible entry points for reducing poverty (including some for which little or no external funding is needed) and many kinds of local organizations or institutions that can contribute to this; • the form of the local institution that can reduce poverty varies with context; they can be community organizations, federations of community organizations, local NGOs, local foundations, municipal authorities or, on occasion, national government agencies or local offices of international agencies; • one of the critical determinants of the success of poverty reduction initiatives is the quality of the relationship between “the poor” and the organizations or agencies that have resources or powers that can help address one or more of the deprivations that poorer groups suffer; and • sustained poverty reduction requires city and municipal government agencies and political structures that are more effective, more accountable and more able to work with low-income groups and their community organizations. International agencies need to develop or expand funding channels to support local institutions that can deliver for low-income or otherwise disadvantaged groups (including the organizations, associations and federations formed by these groups as well as local NGOs and local government agencies) while also remaining accountable to them. Such channels should also support the capacity of these institutions to widen the scale and scope of poverty reduction programmes and recognize that much poverty reduction depends on new attitudes and actions by local government institutions. ii ABOUT THE AUTHORS Asiya Sadiq is an architect/planner educated at the Dawood College in Karachi and in Leuven (Belgium) and is currently Assistant Professor of Architecture and Planning at the NED University in Karachi. Address: Department of Architecture and Planning, NED University, University Road, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi, Pakistan. Salim Alimuddin is an architect/planner educated at the Dawood College in Karachi and at the Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok. He has been working with the Orangi Pilot Project-Research and Training Institute since 1989 and is currently Joint Director of its Housing and Sanitation Programme. Address: OPP-RTI, ST-4, Sector 5/A, Qasba Colony, Mangopir Road, Karachi 75800, Pakistan. Arif Hasan is an architect/planner in private practice in Karachi. He is Chairman of the Urban Resource Centre and the Orangi Pilot Project-Research and Training Institute and Visiting Professor at the Faculty of Architecture and Planning, NED University, Karachi. Address: 37D Mohd Ali Society, Karachi 75350, Pakistan; e-mail: [email protected] iii CONTENTS List of boxes, tables and appendices ........................................................................................ vi Abbreviations and local terms .................................................................................................. vii Preface ....................................................................................................................................... ix Summary .................................................................................................................................... xi I. FAISALABAD: ESTABLISHMENT AND GROWTH .............................................................. 1 a. Establishment and Growth of Faisalabad ................................................................. 1 b. Population Increase ............................................................................................…. 2 c. Reasons for Growth From 1901 to 1921 ..............................................................................................2 From 1921 to 1941 ..............................................................................................2 From 1941 to 1961 ..............................................................................................3 From 1961 to 1981 ............................................................................................. 3 From 1981 Onwards .......................................................................................... 3 II. URBAN PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT AGENCIES ........................................................3 a. The Agencies Involved ................................................................................................3 b. The Faisalabad Development Authority (FDA) ...............................................................4 Nature ..................................................................................................................4 Functions .............................................................................................................4 Finances ..............................................................................................................4 c. The Faisalabad Municipal Corporation (FMC) Nature ..................................................................................................................4 Functions .............................................................................................................4 Finances ..............................................................................................................4 d. Water and Sewerage Authority (WASA) .........................................................................5 Nature ................................................................................................................. 5 Functions .............................................................................................................5 Finances ..............................................................................................................5 e. Cantonment Board ..................................................................................................... 5 f. MNA/MPA Funds for Development ............................................................................5 g. Some Conclusions regarding the Nature of Local Government Institutions ..............5 Non-participation of Communities in Decision-making on Policy and implementation .................................................................................................5 Ineffectiveness of the FMC .................................................................................6 Revenue Collection .............................................................................................6 h. Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project ...........................................................................6 Background .........................................................................................................6 Objective of the Project ...................................................................................... 6 Short History of the Project .................................................................................6 Structure of FAUP ...............................................................................................7 Operational Procedures and Achievements .......................................................8 FAUP Evaluation .................................................................................................9 III. URBAN PLANNING AGENCIES: FUTURE AND PRESENT PLANS ..................................9 a. The Faisalabad Master Plan .......................................................................................9 Roads and Transport ........................................................................................10 Environmental Improvement ..............................................................................10 Social Sector Development ..............................................................................11 iv Water and Sanitation ........................................................................................ 11 b. Water, Sanitation and Drainage Plans .....................................................................11 The 1975-2000 Master Plan ............................................................................ 11 The Updated Water, Sanitation and Drainage Master Plan .............................12 c. Financial Constraints of FDA, WASA and FMC .......................................................12 IV.