ODS Destruction in the United States and Abroad Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by ICF February 2018 EPA 430-R-18-001 Table of Contents Controlled ODS under the Montreal Protocol ........................................................................................... iii Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................... iv 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Sources of ODS for Destruction ............................................................................................................ 2 2.1. ODS-Containing Equipment ................................................................................................................. 2 2.2. Bulk ODS ............................................................................................................................................... 3 3. The Process of ODS Destruction: Best Management Practices ............................................................... 4 3.1. Recovery and Collection ....................................................................................................................... 4 3.2. Consolidation and Storage ................................................................................................................... 5 3.3. Transportation ..................................................................................................................................... 6 3.4. Destruction ........................................................................................................................................... 6 4. ODS Destruction Technologies and Facilities in the United States and Worldwide .................................. 8 4.1. Montreal Protocol-Approved ODS Destruction Technologies ............................................................. 8 4.2. ODS Destruction Facilities in the United States ................................................................................. 11 4.3. Capacity of U.S. Destruction Facilities ................................................................................................ 15 4.4. International ODS Destruction Facilities and Technologies ............................................................... 16 5. International Efforts to Destroy ODS .................................................................................................. 18 5.1. United States ...................................................................................................................................... 18 5.1.1. Reported Amount and Type of ODS Destroyed ......................................................................... 18 5.1.2 Reported ODS Imported for Destruction ......................................................................................... 19 5.2. European Union ................................................................................................................................. 20 5.2.1. Reported Amount and Type of ODS Destroyed ......................................................................... 20 5.2.2. Reported ODS Imported for Destruction ................................................................................... 22 5.3. Japan .................................................................................................................................................. 22 5.3.1. Reported Amount and Type of ODS Destroyed ......................................................................... 22 5.3.2. Reported ODS Imported for Destruction ................................................................................... 23 5.4. Destruction of ODS in Article 5 and Non-Article 5 Countries ............................................................. 23 6. Global ODS Recovery, Transportation, and Destruction Costs .............................................................. 24 6.1. ODS Recovery Costs from Products and Equipment .......................................................................... 25 6.2. ODS Transportation Costs .................................................................................................................. 25 6.3. ODS Destruction Costs ....................................................................................................................... 26 6.3.1. Concentrated Sources of ODS .................................................................................................... 26 6.3.2. Dilute Sources of ODS ................................................................................................................ 26 7. Financing of ODS Destruction Projects ................................................................................................ 27 7.1. Producer Responsibility Programs and Taxes .................................................................................... 27 7.2. ODS Destruction Offset Programs ...................................................................................................... 28 7.2.1. Compliance Markets .................................................................................................................. 28 i ODS Destruction in the United States and Abroad 1 February 2018 7.2.2. Voluntary Programs ................................................................................................................... 29 7.2.3. Carbon Prices and Profitability .................................................................................................. 29 7.3. HFC-23 Destruction ............................................................................................................................ 31 7.4. MLF- and GEF-Funded Destruction Projects ...................................................................................... 32 8. Modeled Amounts of ODS Potentially Available for Destruction ......................................................... 32 8.1. ODS Recoverable from Equipment and Products .............................................................................. 32 8.1.1. United States ............................................................................................................................. 33 8.1.2. European Union ......................................................................................................................... 35 8.1.3. Global ......................................................................................................................................... 36 8.2. Availability of Stockpiles ..................................................................................................................... 37 8.2.1. CFCs and HCFCs in Refrigeration/AC Equipment ....................................................................... 37 8.2.2. Halons in Fire Extinguishing Equipment .................................................................................... 37 9. ODS Management Needs for Developing Countries ............................................................................ 38 10. Implications for Addressing HFC Disposal ........................................................................................... 40 10.1. Sources, Practices, Technologies, and Costs: Parallels to ODS ...................................................... 41 10.2. Current and Projected Quantities Available for Destruction ......................................................... 42 11. References ........................................................................................................................................ 45 12. Appendices ....................................................................................................................................... 52 Appendix A: Transboundary Movement of ODS....................................................................................... 52 Appendix B: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ............................................................................ 53 Code F (Wastes from Non-Specific Sources) ................................................................................................. 54 Code U (Commercial Chemical Products) ...................................................................................................... 54 Code K (Wastes from Specific Sources) ......................................................................................................... 55 Code D (Characteristic Wastes) ..................................................................................................................... 55 The Mixture and Derived-From Rules ............................................................................................................ 55 Appendix C: Description of ODS Destruction Technologies ....................................................................... 57 Incineration Technologies.............................................................................................................................. 57 Non-Incineration Technologies...................................................................................................................... 58 Plasma Technologies ................................................................................................................................ 59 Other Non-Incineration Technologies .....................................................................................................