Spanish Program for Cultural Cooperation Conference Stonework Heritage in Micronesia November 14-15, 2007 Guam Hilton Hotel, Tumon Guam Spanish Program for Cultural Cooperation with the collaboration of the Guam Preservation Trust and the Historic Resources Division, Guam Department of Parks and Recreation Stonework Heritage in Micronesia Index of Presentations 1. Conference Opening Remarks 1 By Jose R. Rodriguez 2. Conference Rationale 3 By Carlos Madrid 3. Stone Conservation of Spanish Structures in a Tropical Setting 6 By Marie Bernadita Moronilla-Reyes 4. Uses of Lime in Historic Buildings: Construction and Conservation 41 By Michael Manalo 5. Mamposteria Architecture in the Northern Mariana Islands: 48 A Preliminary Overview By Scott Russell 6. Hagåtña: Seat of Government of the Spanish Mariana Islands 75 1668-1898 By Marjorie G. Driver 7. The Restoration and Development of Intramuros in Manila 85 By Jaime C. Laya 8. Revitalizing Historic Inalahan 122 By Judith S. Flores 9. Preservation for Our Souls: Lessons from University of Guam 131 Students at Historic Inalahan By Anne Perez Hattori 10. The Resurrection of Nuestra Senora de la Soledad 144 By Richard K. Olmo 11. The Use of Primary Sources in the Study of House Construction 185 and Social Realities in Guam, 1884 – 1898 By Carlos Madrid 12. Considering Sturctures: Conference Summary 202 By Rosanna P. Barcinas 13. Bridging the Gap: Reflecting Chamorro in Historic Structures 210 By Kelly Marsh and Dirk Spennemann Stonework Heritage in Micronesia Conference Opening Remarks, Nov. 14-15, 2007 By José R. Rodríguez Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for being here today at the opening of the International Conference on Stonework Heritage in Micronesia. For those of you who are from Guam, and for those of you who are from abroad, whether from the Northern Marianas, Ponhpei, the Philippines or Spain, welcome to the Micronesian Room of the Guam Hilton Hotel. As a result of the Protocol of Valladolid, signed in 1999 by Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau and the Federated States of Micronesia and Spain, the ties between our countries were renewed, and there was an agreement to promote and increase our cultural relations. I want to mention here the significant role played by Dr. Katherine Aguon (of Guam) and Dr. Rufino Mauricio (of the Federated States of Micronesia) in the signature of the Protocol. In 2001, these islands were included under the scope of the Spanish Program for Cultural Cooperation. The Spanish Program for Cultural Cooperation is a grant program between the Ministry of Culture of Spain and the Philippines, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Republic of Palau and the Federated States of Micronesia. It was designed to foster closer ties between our countries through the collaborative works of scholars in the Humanities and the Social Sciences. While preparing for this conference, we had the enormous advantage of partnering with the Guam Preservation Trust, headed by its Chief Program Officer Joseph Quinata, Program Officers Rosanna Barcinas and Ruby Santos. They have played major roles in this project. I want to express our gratitude to the Historic Resources Division, of the Department of Parks and Recreation office – I still have to learn how to say “Parks and Rec”- that joined the team as soon as Patrick Lujan knew about it. The conference would not be the same without such partnership. I had the privilege of meeting Rosanna when she visited Manila to participate in another conference about the application of plaster or paletada in Spanish colonial buildings. I must say that the collaboration of the Guam Preservation Trust has been instrumental. The Trust has 1 continuously assisted in the preparation of the conference in ways that would take too long to enumerate, from the identification of the speakers, to the technical assistance during the preparation. I am sure that for those of you who are familiar with the activities of the Guam Preservation Trust, there is nothing new in what I am saying. For us, this is the first time that we had a project together and I am glad to say that we look forward to repeating the experience. Thank you so much, Mr. Quinata, for having your office participate in the conference, and for the wonderful dinner in which we were welcomed last night at the Capuchin’s friary. It is a sweet and sour feeling to know that a two-day conference does not give enough time to discuss all the issues and to give room for all the speakers. This means that there is a growing demand for dialogue and exchange on cultural and historic preservation issues. To all of you, thank you for coming. Bienvenidos, welcome to the conference and let’s start with the discussions, in the hope that gatherings like this will be continued in the future. Thank you very much. 2 Conference Rationale By Carlos Madrid Spanish Program for Cultural Cooperation, Academic Coordinator The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines Stonework as “a structure or part built of stone.” And “the shaping, preparation, or setting of stone.” The same source defines “heritage” as the “property that descends to an heir” or “something transmitted by or acquired from a predecessor.” We refer as Stonework Heritage as the heritage of structures made of stone. Our conference aligns with the principles of UNESCO for cultural heritage. UNESCO considers that “it can best protect cultural diversity through actions involving sites that bear witness to multiple cultural identities, are representative of minority cultural heritages, are of founding significance, or are in imminent danger of destruction”. Development that endangers natural and cultural environment is not sustainable. The Universal Declaration of Cultural Diversity has two major goals: first, to ensure respect for cultural identities with the participation of all peoples in a democratic framework and, second, to contribute to the emergence of a favourable climate for the creativity of all. In other words, it’s a matter of making culture a factor of development. Current development creates new challenges and different kinds of risks throughout the world. Both tangible and intangible heritage is endangered, subjected to renovated pressures exercised from economic, political or military priorities. To prevent and protect those heritages, UNESCO hosted the Convention on Biological Diversity (2000), the Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001) and the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003). Cultural heritage represents one of the most significant aspects of the identity of a nation and its material manifestation across times and periods. The physical presence of a historic structure is a visible testimony of the past that contributes to the maintenance of the collective conscience of the community. 3 The Micronesian region is significantly rich and diverse in cultural heritage. By incorporating it into a collective appreciation, we are better prepared to move forward for the new challenges of the future. In a world where cultural tourism is growing in importance the historic heritage of Micronesia represents an economic venue for sustained development. Hence, community involvement and awareness of historic heritage has played a growing role in recent years. In order to contribute to those dynamics, and in the light of the cultural and historic relations between Spain, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia and Palau, the Spanish Program for Cultural Cooperation, with the collaboration and partnership of the Guam Preservation Trust, along with the Historic Resources Division of the Department of Parks and Recreation Office; hosts this International Conference on Stonework Heritage in Micronesia. The conference invited experts and individuals from the Micronesian Region, the Philippines, and Spain to present papers on historic stonework heritage and tackle issues such as the challenges in its conservation, restoration techniques, contemporary tourist potential, and appreciation among the community. The publication of the papers will increase the corpus of bibliographic materials that may serve as a reference in the coming future. In this International Conference on Stonework Heritage, organizers, presenters and participants belong to different disciplines: Archaeology, History, and Architecture. Each of us has different approaches towards cultural heritage: recovery, restoration, protection, and revitalization. These disciplines are simply different sides of one and the same coin. We are here because we belong to the same group, whose professional activity is oriented to foster a better understanding of cultural heritage in its different manifestations. We envision a situation in which gatherings like this that we are about to celebrate, shall not be an exception. This conference aligns with Article 7 of UNESCO’s Universal Declaration of Cultural Diversity, adopted on November 2, 2001, Article 7 – Cultural heritage as the wellspring of creativity 4 Creation draws on the roots of cultural tradition, but flourishes in contact with other cultures. For this reason, heritage in all its forms must be preserved, enhanced and handed on to future generations as a record of human experience and aspirations, so as to foster creativity in all its diversity and to inspire genuine dialogue among cultures. 5 Stone Conservation of Spanish Colonial Structures in a Tropical Setting By Maria Bernardita Maronilla-Reyes Chemist Conservator, UST Center for the Conservation of Cultural Property and Environment in the Tropics University of Santo Tomas, Espana, Manila, Philippines Stone conservation of Spanish colonial structures in a tropical setting is a very challenging task. Deterioration of many types of stone is accelerated in a hot and humid climate. Seismic activity caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions aggravates this problem. The earth movements result in cracks and fractures in the structures, which become deterioration sites for growth of vegetation or for birds and rodents to settle in. Frequent flooding makes this situation even more complex. The tradition of building with stone was introduced by Spain to the Philippines.