IHS Automotive Sectoral Report SupplierBusiness The Advanced Internal Combustion Engine Report 2013 edition supplierbusiness.com IHS Automotive SupplierBusiness | The Advanced Internal Combustion Engine Report Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Market drivers ................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Emissions regulations ................................................................................................................................................. 9 The United States ......................................................................................................................................................... 9 The European Union ...................................................................................................................................................11 Japan ..........................................................................................................................................................................11 China ..........................................................................................................................................................................11 Other countries .......................................................................................................................................................... 12 Fuel costs .................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Criterion emissions ................................................................................................................................................... 14 The United States ....................................................................................................................................................... 14 Japan ......................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Europe ....................................................................................................................................................................... 15 China ..........................................................................................................................................................................17 Other countries ...........................................................................................................................................................17 Powertrain design ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Powertrain technology ................................................................................................................................................. 22 Engine downsizing and down-speeding ................................................................................................................. 22 Combustion cycles .................................................................................................................................................... 26 Altered combustion modes ...................................................................................................................................... 27 Variable valve actuation ............................................................................................................................................ 29 Variable valve timing and lift ........................................................................................................................................ 30 Camless valve actuation ........................................................................................................................................... 35 Electro-hydraulic valve actuation ................................................................................................................................ 35 Electromagnetic valve actuation ................................................................................................................................. 35 Cylinder deactivation ................................................................................................................................................ 37 Direct injection technology ...................................................................................................................................... 40 Spray-guided injection ................................................................................................................................................ 42 Diesel injection technology ......................................................................................................................................... 43 Advanced ignition systems....................................................................................................................................... 45 Laser ignition systems ................................................................................................................................................ 47 Compression-ignition engine technologies .............................................................................................................. 50 Combustion cycles .................................................................................................................................................... 51 Downsizing ................................................................................................................................................................. 51 Material development................................................................................................................................................ 52 Forced induction ........................................................................................................................................................... 57 Compressors .............................................................................................................................................................. 57 Screw compressors ................................................................................................................................................... 58 Centrifugal compressors ............................................................................................................................................ 58 Bearing systems ........................................................................................................................................................ 59 Micro turbocharging ................................................................................................................................................. 60 Waste-gated turbochargers ..................................................................................................................................... 61 Twin-scroll turbochargers ........................................................................................................................................ 61 IHS 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All products, company names or other marks appearing in this publication are the trademarks and property of IHS or their respective owners. 2013 edition 2 © 2013 IHS IHS Automotive SupplierBusiness | The Advanced Internal Combustion Engine Report Variable geometry turbochargers ........................................................................................................................... 63 Multi-stage turbocharging .......................................................................................................................................... 66 Sequential twin turbocharging .................................................................................................................................... 66 Regulated twin turbocharging .................................................................................................................................... 67 Three-stage turbocharging ........................................................................................................................................