U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Inventory and Review of Aquifer Storage and Recovery in Southern Florida CYCLE NUMBER 12 3 4 567 8910 11 12 13 14 15 16 120 100 VERED 80 EXPLANATION 80 RECHARGE 60 STORAGE PERIOD 40 RECOVERY 40 POTABLE WATER RECOVERY PERCENT RECOVERY EFFICIENCY 20 PER CYCLE, IN MILLIONS OF GALLONS 0 VOLUME RECHARGED OR RECO VOLUME 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 400 14 350 8 13 11 7 6 10 3 5 9 16 300 TION, IN 12 2 4 250 200 Cycle 2 Cycle 9 150 15 Cycle 3 CycleCycle 10 9 Cycle 4 CycleCycle 11 10 Cycle 5 Cycle 12 100 Water-Resources MILLIGRAMS PER LITER Cycle 6 Cycle 13 Cycle 7 Cycle 14 Cycle 8 CycleCycle 15 14 CHLORIDE CONCENTRA 50 Investigations CycleCycle 16 15 − Cycle 16 Report 02 4036 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 PERCENT RECOVERY Prepared as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Place-Based Studies Program Inventory and Review of Aquifer Storage and Recovery in Southern Florida By Ronald S. Reese U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4036 Prepared as part of the U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PLACE-BASED STUDIES PROGRAM Tallahassee, Florida 2002 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director The use of trade, produce, or firm names in this publication is for identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information Copies of this report can be pur- write to: chased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services 227 North Bronough Street Box 25286 Suite 3015 Denver, CO 80225-0286 Tallahassee, Florida 32301 888-ASK-USGS Additional information about water resources in Florida is available on the World Wide Web at http://fl.water.usgs.gov CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose and Scope ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Previous Studies .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Factors Affecting Optimal Recovery of Freshwater in Aquifer Storage and Recovery ............................................. 7 Hydrogeologic Factors ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Design and Management Factors ...................................................................................................................... 9 Hydrogeology ............................................................................................................................................................. 10 Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................................................... 14 Inventory of Well and Test Data ........................................................................................................................................... 14 Construction and Testing Data .................................................................................................................................... 14 Well Identification and Construction Data ....................................................................................................... 15 Hydraulic Well-Test Data ................................................................................................................................. 15 Ambient Water-Quality Data ............................................................................................................................ 18 Cycle Test Data ........................................................................................................................................................... 25 Case Studies of Selected Aquifer Storage and Recovery Sites ............................................................................................ 31 Boynton Beach East Water Treatment Plant ............................................................................................................... 31 Springtree Water Treatment Plant ............................................................................................................................... 35 Marco Lakes ............................................................................................................................................................... 36 San Carlos Estates ....................................................................................................................................................... 38 Summary and Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................... 40 Selected References .............................................................................................................................................................. 41 FIGURES 1-2. Maps showing: 1. Study area and locations and status of aquifer storage and recovery sites...................................................... 2 2. Storage zone aquifers for aquifer storage and recovery sites in southern Florida .......................................... 6 3. Diagram showing aquifer storage and recovery well in a confined aquifer depicting idealized flushed and transition zones created by recharge........................................................................................................................ 8 4. Graph showing simulated improvement of potable water recovery efficiency with successive injection and recovery cycles for a variety of dispersion models ........................................................................................... 10 5. Chart showing generalized geology and hydrogeology of Lee, Hendry, and Collier Counties............................... 11 6. Map showing trace of hydrogeologic section in Palm Beach County ..................................................................... 12 7. Hydrogeologic section extending east-west across Palm Beach County.................................................................. 13 8-10. Maps showing: 8. Thickness of open interval in storage wells at aquifer storage and recovery sites in southern Florida .......... 16 9. Map showing transmissivity determined for storage zones in the Floridan aquifer system at aquifer storage and recovery sites in southern Florida................................................................................................ 18 10. Ambient water salinity of storage zones in the Floridan aquifer system at aquifer storage and recovery sites in southern Florida. ................................................................................................................................. 24 11. Column showing location of the storage zone in relation to geophysical logs, lithology, flow zones, and geologic and hydrogeologic units for aquifer storage and recovery well PB-1194 at the Boynton Beach East Water Treatment Plant site in Palm Beach County. ......................................................................................... 32 Contents III 12-13. Graphs showing: 12. Operational cycles at the Boynton Beach East Water Treatment Plant site in Palm Beach County and relations of volumes recharged and recovered, time, and percent recovery for each cycle............................ 33 13. Percent recovery of recharged water during operational cycles in relation to chloride concentration of recovered water at the Boynton Beach East Water Treatment Plant site in Palm Beach County .............. 34 14. Column showing location of the storage zone in relation to gamma-ray geophysical log and geologic and hydrogeologic units for aquifer storage and recovery well G-2914 at the Springtree Water Treatment Plant site in Broward County .................................................................................................................................. 35 15. Photograph showing wellhead piping, valves, and control system for the aquifer storage and recovery well at the Springtree Water Treatment Plant site in Broward County ........................................................................... 36 16. Column showing location of storage zone in relation to gamma-ray geophysical log, flow zones, and geologic and hydro-geologic units for aquifer storage and recovery well C-1208 (ASR-2) at the Marco Lakes site in Collier County .............................................................................................................................................. 37 17. Graph showing percent recovery of recharged water during operational cycles in relation to chloride concentration of recovered water at the Marco Lakes site in Collier County......................................................... 38 18. Column Showing location of storage zone in relation to gamma-ray geophysical log, flow zones, and geologic and hydrogeologic units for aquifer storage and recovery well L-5812 at the San Carlos Estates