Multiprocessing Contents 1 Multiprocessing 1 1.1 Pre-history .............................................. 1 1.2 Key topics ............................................... 1 1.2.1 Processor symmetry ...................................... 1 1.2.2 Instruction and data streams ................................. 1 1.2.3 Processor coupling ...................................... 2 1.2.4 Multiprocessor Communication Architecture ......................... 2 1.3 Flynn’s taxonomy ........................................... 2 1.3.1 SISD multiprocessing ..................................... 2 1.3.2 SIMD multiprocessing .................................... 2 1.3.3 MISD multiprocessing .................................... 3 1.3.4 MIMD multiprocessing .................................... 3 1.4 See also ................................................ 3 1.5 References ............................................... 3 2 Computer multitasking 5 2.1 Multiprogramming .......................................... 5 2.2 Cooperative multitasking ....................................... 6 2.3 Preemptive multitasking ....................................... 6 2.4 Real time ............................................... 7 2.5 Multithreading ............................................ 7 2.6 Memory protection .......................................... 7 2.7 Memory swapping .......................................... 7 2.8 Programming ............................................. 7 2.9 See also ................................................ 8 2.10 References .............................................. 8 3 Symmetric multiprocessing 9 3.1 Design ................................................ 9 3.2 History ................................................. 9 3.3 Uses .................................................. 10 3.4 Programming ............................................. 10 3.5 Performance ............................................. 10 i ii CONTENTS 3.6 Systems ................................................ 10 3.6.1 Entry-level systems ...................................... 10 3.6.2 Mid-level systems ...................................... 11 3.7 Alternatives .............................................. 11 3.8 See also ................................................ 11 3.9 References .............................................. 12 3.10 External links ............................................. 12 4 Asymmetric multiprocessing 13 4.1 Background and history ........................................ 13 4.2 Burroughs B5000 and B5500 ..................................... 13 4.3 CDC 6500 and 6700 ......................................... 14 4.4 DECsystem-1055 ........................................... 14 4.5 PDP-11/74 .............................................. 14 4.6 VAX-11/782 .............................................. 14 4.7 Univac 1108-II ............................................ 14 4.8 IBM System/370 model 168 ...................................... 14 4.9 See also ................................................ 14 4.10 Notes ................................................. 14 4.11 References ............................................... 15 4.12 External links ............................................. 15 5 Non-uniform memory access 16 5.1 Basic concept ............................................. 16 5.2 Cache coherent NUMA (ccNUMA) ................................. 17 5.3 NUMA vs. cluster computing ..................................... 17 5.4 Software support ........................................... 17 5.5 See also ................................................ 17 5.6 References ............................................... 18 5.7 External links ............................................. 18 6 Multi-core processor 19 6.1 Terminology .............................................. 20 6.2 Development .............................................. 20 6.2.1 Commercial incentives .................................... 20 6.2.2 Technical factors ....................................... 20 6.2.3 Advantages .......................................... 21 6.2.4 Disadvantages ......................................... 21 6.3 Hardware ............................................... 21 6.3.1 Trends ............................................. 21 6.3.2 Architecture .......................................... 22 6.4 Software effects ............................................ 22 CONTENTS iii 6.4.1 Licensing ........................................... 23 6.5 Embedded applications ........................................ 23 6.6 Hardware examples .......................................... 23 6.6.1 Commercial .......................................... 23 6.6.2 Free .............................................. 25 6.6.3 Academic ........................................... 25 6.7 Benchmarks .............................................. 25 6.8 Notes ................................................. 25 6.9 See also ................................................ 26 6.10 References ............................................... 26 6.11 External links ............................................. 26 7 Intel Atom (CPU) 27 7.1 History ................................................ 27 7.2 Instruction set architecture ...................................... 27 7.2.1 32-bit and 64-bit hardware support .............................. 27 7.2.2 Intel 64 software support ................................... 28 7.3 Availability .............................................. 28 7.4 Performance ............................................. 28 7.5 Bonnell microarchitecture ...................................... 28 7.6 Collaborations ............................................ 29 7.7 Competition .............................................. 29 7.8 See also ................................................ 29 7.9 Notes ................................................. 29 7.10 References .............................................. 31 7.11 External links ............................................. 31 8 Intel Core 32 8.1 Overview ............................................... 32 8.2 Enhanced Pentium M based ...................................... 32 8.2.1 Core Duo ........................................... 32 8.2.2 Core Solo ........................................... 32 8.3 64-bit Core microarchitecture based ................................. 33 8.3.1 Core 2 Solo .......................................... 33 8.3.2 Core 2 Duo .......................................... 33 8.3.3 Core 2 Quad ......................................... 33 8.3.4 Core 2 Extreme ........................................ 33 8.4 Nehalem microarchitecture based ................................... 33 8.4.1 Core i3 ............................................ 34 8.4.2 Core i5 ............................................ 34 8.4.3 Core i7 ............................................ 34 8.5 Sandy Bridge microarchitecture based ................................ 35 iv CONTENTS 8.5.1 Core i3 ............................................ 35 8.5.2 Core i5 ............................................ 35 8.5.3 Core i7 ............................................ 35 8.6 Ivy Bridge microarchitecture based .................................. 35 8.6.1 Core i3 ............................................ 35 8.6.2 Core i5 ............................................ 35 8.6.3 Core i7 ............................................ 35 8.7 Haswell microarchitecture based ................................... 35 8.7.1 Core i3 ............................................ 36 8.7.2 Core i5 ............................................ 36 8.7.3 Core i7 ............................................ 36 8.8 Broadwell microarchitecture based .................................. 36 8.8.1 Core i3 ............................................ 36 8.8.2 Core i5 ............................................ 36 8.8.3 Core i7 ............................................ 36 8.8.4 Core M ............................................ 36 8.9 See also ................................................ 36 8.10 References ............................................... 36 8.11 External links ............................................. 37 9 List of Intel Core i5 microprocessors 38 9.1 Desktop processors .......................................... 38 9.1.1 Nehalem microarchitecture (1st generation) ......................... 38 9.1.2 Westmere microarchitecture (1st generation) ........................ 38 9.1.3 Sandy Bridge microarchitecture (2nd generation) ...................... 38 9.1.4 Ivy Bridge microarchitecture (3rd generation) ........................ 39 9.1.5 Haswell microarchitecture (4th generation) ......................... 39 9.2 Mobile processors ........................................... 39 9.2.1 Westmere microarchitecture (1st generation) ........................ 39 9.2.2 Sandy Bridge microarchitecture (2nd generation) ...................... 40 9.2.3 Ivy Bridge microarchitecture (3rd generation) ........................ 40 9.2.4 Haswell microarchitecture (4th generation) ......................... 40 9.2.5 Broadwell microarchitecture (5th generation) ........................ 41 9.3 See also ................................................ 41 9.4 Notes ................................................. 41 9.5 References ............................................... 41 9.6 External links ............................................. 41 10 Pentium Dual-Core 42 10.1 Processor cores ...........................................