εŭ̍Ǻ˄ɫŔ Ȝ ΢ ȿ 96 ʻ 12 njεǿ εʬ ŭǺdž Ǻċ /̍Ǻ˄ƅ ǀ ̴ 159-220 ȣĚ̪ŻHηʥǭ<ĞʀȣĚ̪ŻHηʥǭ<ĞʀYYYY %V ÷ ̿ Ί ȡ Ȥ ț Ā B ̀ = ÿ ʕ Y ƞĮ˸ ƙȥɶζ1Z˪:ǓZɋͻ:, ̔̎̔̎̔̎[̔̎[[[ ȹdžɮɌʉ é Ĵ γ ˹ ȫ Ū š ɍ ƹ ʑ ŭ džƢ ō * Φ ɚ Ĵ γ ˹ ȫŪšưʺʍϤǨέʒǔ !ʑ"#$ȫŪ%š&ʍ'( ) * +ư ʺ , - ./ 0 š 1 2 34 5 6 7 ȹdžʟǼ 7 : ; < 8=>?@$ʉéĴγ0ABCȫŪšdžƈ)E$A˹ȫŪF GHšIJɫK?LMʉéĴγ˹ȫŪšNO=P?Q Rʉ é Ĵ γ ' ŭ š S T ɫ U ? Ǩ έ ʒ ǔ ! ʑ " ̿ W ȫ Ū % š X Y I ŭ Z[ \ ] ^ ɫ _ ? Ό 5 ȹdža ŭ b c d e ʍ f0 ư ʺ g h .ư i š j k * l Zm n * l opqrs t u v w š 1 2 3 160 εŭ̍Ǻ˄ɫŔ Ȝ ΢ ŒŒŒŒ ʉ é Ĵ γ έ ʒ ǔ xe y rs xȫ Ū xz { Zg { εʬ ŋ Ô ̍ǚ š O Ϳ ȫ Ū ! "# $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / / 0 1 2 161 Two Conceptions of Pure Land in Taiwan’s This-Worldly Buddhism Ëilliam Yau-nang Ng Associate Professor, Department of Religion and Philosophy, Hong Kong Baptist University Abstract This article examines critically Yin Shun’s criticisms on Pure Land beliefs and practices. The theoretical bases of his criticism are examined and the different understanding and possible responses from the Pure Land practitioners as exemplified by Li Bingnan are provided. The differences and similarities of the two masters are explained and reflected against the historical background of the development of Buddhism in Taiwan . Keywords: Yin Shun, Li Bingnan, This-worldly Buddhism (Humanistic Buddhism), Pure Land, self-power and other-power 162 εŭ̍Ǻ˄ɫŔ Ȝ ΢ εʬ ŋ Ô ̍ǚ š O Ϳ ȫ Ū ! "# $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / / 0 1 2 163 ŃŃŃŃǼǼ Ǽ |}~5rsʥǾʥƝ%ʄĕ'̘ɒƘǠǨŘȫŪ% ϣɒ̐Η0š̩̎%ʄ:F˳̪ǀsnjʧ˷ϡʑners8̐ Ƙ ¿ ˥ ʻ ƅź Ƨ ʑ ȫ Ū % ˮź ȉ ȫ Ū s Ĉ : ɘ 31+pqr s ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ ̘ § ¨ © ª « ¬ +­ ® Y ¯ pqrs š ี ± % ² ³ ´ ϡ ʑ ¶· ¸ w ȫ Ū % [ Ǩ L ɒ ¹ º pqrs » ¼ š « 2 ɼE ˮ˳ ¿ ζƝ Á  s nj 8Ã Ä W Å ƅŗ rs š Ç È ƅE c Ê Ë D ŭ 8ÍÎ Ï Ð p> Ŕ Ǡ ˗ Ǩ ȫ Ū ʑ L š j ɳ ˧ ǖ « ½3E 3 = ų ϡ ʑ ˕ 4 1 Ï ˂ ǚ ̯ ɠ ŭʼn ȫ Ū š s Ĉ ʚ ʑ á % Ø á ȫ ʕ ɼš % ʄ S ȹw ã Ĉ { ã Íƭ ʭ rè ¨ xĴ é ¨ xê ë x 4 ƅε͵ ċ ;̩ ̎ pqrs ̩ ¬ ʳ ɒ ̘ ɒ ȿ ɚ ˹ ñ ơȫ Ū j ɳ š 5 ¸ Ƅ ƕ ¢ ƌ Η 0 4 ˔ +7 ȫ Ū j ɳ 8pqš s Ĉ ϣ ɒ 3&ˊź+ Vʗě Ȃ ̜ ̥ Ȟ Ο ½ v ʶ 1 Z I &ɋ ȍ § Ą : , Ȗ ȍ ò 4 !"#&:$%&'(ĄȖ)*+,-./1012 Ο½341Z567: ,8912:34;<=>?@ABCDE<&:$%&FGHIJKL./ MNOP Q'RSTU./ȍò4 !Vź WXYZ[ \]^&1Z_ :`aZɋbcȖdefgZhijk12`lm nopqr 1 Chan Wing-tsit, Religion Trends in Modern China, N.Y.: Octagon Books, 1969, p.62. 2 s t _ u3 v w : x y ěz 3 4 {|1 } ~ b q 1999 ě Ɣ 227r 3 5ƆDϥ3ĽõV ,@"IΟw:z 34{¤8ǕXΘί 2003 ě Ɣ 376r 4 ĮΚĵ|1:ĸΩʹƊ[× iHΆōĺƶ$ u3v8w:z 34{4 ¡ X Θ ί 1997 ě ʍ ¢ £ Ɣ 8-47r¤ & ¥ ¦ Į Κ w § Ȗ ¨ © : ĸ Ω ʹ ª [ × i Ά ō Andre Laliberte, The Politics of Buddhist Organization in Taiwan 1989-2003, London & N.P. Routledge Curzon, 2004, pp. 66-85 and pp. 86-105. o ~«¬H3vw:ĸ­Ω®¯Ū±Ȗ²³³´Ɋ¶· ¸¹º»Ω¼½ mò ¿ª:ĸYĮÁÂʹÃĮªΩ[×r See also Charles Brewer Jones, Buddhism in Taiwan: Religion and the State, 1660-1990, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999, pp. 178-218. 5 ÄÅ3vÆfÇÈ:w:Êί>?Ë˝Í:,Î.Ï{й3v uªŖɁ³ £w:Ș Hε£Ùο _ä³ŮcÂP¦Ǭ£HžwźΒáȿ ã« Ʉ$HΖžwèé# êë1ǾŇ£žwΩȘr5Ά4V uñ 164 εŭ̍Ǻ˄ɫŔ Ȝ ΢ õ ̩ Ƅ \ ø ù 3 A ¸ ú M û Ë NJ ȹο ȿ Ϥ ® ʟεqj ɳ š ʞ ˙w ɒ Ǩ ȟ · ǰ ̊ š ȿ y j ɳ ̐ ʑ Η 0 A ƅʰ ̳ xİ z j ɳ ˧ Ŕ Q½́ 6 ̘ ȫ Ū Zá % ´ ˧ X ƽ Η ɹ > ˓ Íȇ ; NJ ȹŋ ˚ ̖ ¶ pq +ƅŗ rs ǎ ɾ ț ú ō E c ɒ 8F ň P ň ʻ ŭ˴ Ā ǃ ; Í N ƅŗ ʶ e @ εʓ ͇ ú rs 8pqƛ Ǩ ɾ ț ' Φ ¡ ƽ Ϥ p qã Ǩ ȿ y rs ̐ ʑ Η ɹ ̘ ȫ Ū % Ƞ 4 ƛ Ë Ƞ ŭš ' Φ ! ʑ εʬ̐ ̩ ̎ š rs % ʄ : F 3˕ ɒ " # ȇ ; $ ³ xȿ ³ %& +'()* š j ɳ ̐ \ + ȿ ɚ ¶ & ƛ * xʼn , ³ - š k . +ȫ Ū Ê / š H rĴ 0 1 Ā Η 0 Ɋ +Ƞ 4 ƛ Ë ȿ ɚ š j 2 Z3 4 ɾ 5 w έ ʒ ǔ ! 61890-19867o8 { 9 s : $ :; { » ¼ ê < = ë > ? E c ɒ έ ! Z ɚ @ Á ʭ ABC 61927-20057xDE ! oFGHI = J K L 8J% š U x 7 _ Ŕ ʻ Å MN ʼn ˂ ʥ ȿ ɚ ´ O ' ʼn r@ Á š ± ̯ PQ 3 ; @ RSTUV ! oW { ȫ Ū 8ÍÇ ċ X Y ƛ Ë ­ š ' Φ . Ǩ F Ϥ ȫ Ū s Ĉ Íɘ Ʈ ɚ ) ʥ 3 ̜̜Ğõ.øz Æf{ùúXΘί 2000 ě Ɣ 1r û ¬ ¼ ½ õ . Ω Ó Ȗ Ŕ ό > VÁ Ƿ ` ¸ õ . _ Ω : £ 5 Ƿ ` r 6 ÃFÏ * ȟ Ʉ 8 Ω 3 v w : ο ΁ Ŗ ¬ H ˸ x ɚ Έ L ή Ά ō ĺ ƶ $ u * m Ʉ Ȃ 3 v w : & ɯ Ȇ v z 3 4 { 4 ¡ ~ Ǖ 2001 ě : ŗ ͅ ʹ Ɗ Ω [ × i H Ά ō ฎ t _ u¿ 3 v w : t ͳ z ȕ 4 {1 + X Θ ί 2004 ě Ɣ 21-34r ) ·Ʃ V 0 3 v w : ! "# I $ % L &' •ͳ ( )* + , u I Ο w : ɯ Ȇ v z 3 4 { ¡ ʶ X Θ J - Į . b q 1984 ě I / Ɣ 1023-1092r ĵ ~ 0 £ u 1 2 1 3 : v {I 4 5 IVz 6 0 ~ 7 ³ u | 1 2 1 8 9 : 3 :{ ; < & = > z | ? {@A X Θ ί 1980 ě Į Κ Ã F Ï * Ʉ Ȃ Ω [ × ή ΆĞ B ~ Ɣ 129-164r For a brief introduction in English, see Shih Heng-Ching, “Buddhist spirituality in modern Taiwan”, in Takeuchi Yoshinori ed. Buddhist Spirituality: Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World, N.Y.: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 1999), pp. 417-434, esp. pp. 417-420. 7 Į Κ ȍ ò 4 ! C ě ¹ 3 I Ȗ DE 3 FG DHIJ LΩ K B Ȗ ¨ © L ź Ά ō HIJ u MNOPQ . R ──HIJS Ŗ T z 3 4 { ˝ U X Θ ί 1997 ě n ¢ £ Ɣ 400-446r εʬ ŋ Ô ̍ǚ š O Ϳ ȫ Ū ! "# $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / / 0 1 2 165 8 Z F ( ̯ z ú [\ ŭγ 61889-19477Ê / e ³ rs Ǩ @ ]S ʉ é Ĵ γ (1906-20057^ ʑ e y rs 8pq4 Y _ ` a b +W Å n e ʞ cš rs ʥ ̩ ù e y ȫ Ū š d ' E c ɒ pqʞ 9 cY! ʑ ʶ e rs š « ½I u ƭ ʭ Ĵ é ¨ f g Ĵ γ 61930- 7 š h i 4 ɒ ¶Ê j e š k l d m e y ȫ Ū E n o ŭγ 61927-7 10 11 Ê / e y rs ˷ # ê ë p V ¼ š q g Ĵ γ 61938- 7 ζʉ é Ĵ γ ª A E c š γ r s ơ.ǨǤ̎'tsŭŁʍ u Ív š 8 VW 1 C X «. Y « w : C ¹ x Z [ ě | \ x * ] ^ m « w : Ω £ # 6 Y _ ` a b c Ï d x Z e [ ě \[* Î.XÐ ] A w 5Ω £ # r Ά k f B C u VW 1 C 1 C ě g z 3 4 {t h X Θ ί 1992 ě ' i x Θ Ɣ 254 ` Ɣ 426r Į Κ VW 1 C Ω ´ Ɋ j k l ě X Θ Ω m ~ Į n o u VW ø ´ Ɋ z 4 ? { I Ο ί & p Z X Θ ί 1997 ě : ȍ à q u VW ` r ̜ w : z s t { u ĺ X Θ ί 2000: v g Ɔ u VW m I Ο w : ¤ 8 A R Ω w x z A Ň{y z ~ ί 2003 ě 10 \rSee Chan Wing-tsit, Religion Trends in Modern China, N.Y.: Octagon Books, 1969, pp. 118-126. Holmes Welch, The Buddhist Revival of China, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1968, pp. 51-71. A very brief English introduction can be found in Donald Lopez ed., Modern Buddhism: Readings for the Unenlightened London: Penguin Books, 2002, pp, 85-90. 9 See Stuart Chandler, Establishing a Pure Land on Earth, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2004). Chandler m { | 1 C ` w § : Į Á } ~ L ´ Ɋ ĵ £ ɩ Z ³ /Ű Į Ě ̜ L ´ Ɋ A ͘ r6 Chandler $ Į . ` VW Ï k f Ω ɯ Ȇ i / Ά ō r ¬ 6 Chandler ʽ Ø B Ĕ : ĖD Ω Σ 6 ñ @ Ω Ȃ ̆ ² £ k Ʉ á ËŇH ƅ ᗯ j ć ŗ i H Ĝ ƀ r 10 Ά 5 Ɔ 0 t B ¿ ϕ Ω Ɠ § ──{ | 1 C Ω ̜ w : ø ! Pu Ƿ Z Ɯ z Ë x Ȃ r ƨ ` B C u { | ̓ Ĝ Ω ̜ w:z 3 4 {¡ ¡ P 2005 ě n ¢ £ Ɣ 3-20r ¢ £ ¤ u @ ¥ { { | 1 C @ z 3 4 { ¡ & 1995 ě Ɣ 163-177r ¢ £ ¤ u | ¦ * \ {{ | 1 C @ z 3 4 { ¡ & 2006 ě r n ¢ § X ¢ 4 ¨ V © £ ª ³ ĵ W Á « ~ ¨ Θ 6 £ x ¨ ź r 11 ĮΚ ¬ Í B C Ω [ × Ű ³ Ƿ ` Ω £ 5 ˝ ­ u ¬ Í B C Ω ¨ © @ ® ──¯ Ê ¨ © \ ± &Ω ² ³ Ȗ A K r ´ z 3 4 { w ᒽ ¨ © & ¶ - I < 1997 ě : l ě · Ľ ʶ ¸ ź Ǿ | ¹ $ Į x « c @ º o ~ Į b » ¼ LI , u + ½ w < { ¬ Í B C z 3 4 {1 + & XΘJ - b q 1995 ě r ¤ & 0 V ³ Yu-ing Ching, Master of Love and Mercy: Cheng Ye, CA: Blue Dolphin Publishing Company, 1995.