Gaia Association Holistic Feasibility Study of a National Scale-up Program Regarding Bio-ethanol Stoves and Micro Distilleries. Feedstock Resources of Bio-ethanol Production in Ethiopia December 2014 December 2014 - Feedstock Resources for Bio-ethanol Production in Ethiopia 1 This Feedstock Resources Assessment Report for Bio-ethanol Production in Ethiopia is an output of the Holistic Feasibility Study of “A National Scale-up Program for Ethanol Cook stoves and Ethanol Micro Distilleries (EMDs)” project financed by DFID, with contribution from the Norwegian and Danish governments through the Strategic Climatic Institutions Programme (SCIP). However, the views expressed and information contained in this document are not necessary those of or endorsed by DFID or contributing governments, which can accept no responsibility or liability for such views, completeness or accuracy of information or for any reliance placed on them. December 2014 - Feedstock Resources for Bio-ethanol Production in Ethiopia 2 Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Background ......................................................................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Bio-ethanol Technology ............................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Bio-ethanol Production around the World ............................................................................................. 14 1.3 Bio-ethanol in Ethiopia ................................................................................................................................. 15 1.4 Biomass Energy Consumption in Ethiopia ............................................................................................ 16 2. The National Bio-fuel Development and Utilization Strategy and Its Relevance to the Scaling up of Bio-ethanol Micro Distilleries and Stoves .................................................................. 17 3. Review and Assessments of Reports ............................................................................................................... 25 4. Bio-ethanol Feedstocks .................................................................................................................................. 27 4.1 Sugarcane ........................................................................................................................................................... 28 4.1.1 Varieties ..................................................................................................................................................... 29 4.1.2 Ecology ....................................................................................................................................................... 29 4.1.3 Diseases and Insects ................................................................................................................................... 30 4.1.4 Projections of Bio-ethanol from Sugarcane in Ethiopia ............................................................... 31 4.1.5 Seed Cane Production ................................................................................................................................ 32 4.1.6 Cost of Production of Bio-ethanol from Sugarcane ....................................................................... 33 4.1.7 Molasses Production at Wonji ................................................................................................................ 34 4.1.9 Sugarcane Production under Contract without growers by Wonji Shoa Sugar Estate in Adama Zuria Woreda ............................................................................................................................................ 38 4.2 Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) ................................................................................ 40 4.2.1 Sweet and Grain Sorghum ....................................................................................................................... 40 4.2.2 Genetic Resources ....................................................................................................................................... 41 4.2.3 Ecology ............................................................................................................................................................ 43 4.2.4 Insects and Diseases ................................................................................................................................... 45 4.2.5 Suitability Mapping .................................................................................................................................... 46 4.2.6 Estimation of Bio-ethanol from Sweet Sorghum ............................................................................ 53 4.2.7 Cost of Production of Sweet Sorghum ................................................................................................ 53 4.3 Sugar Beets as a Source of Ethanol .......................................................................................................... 54 4.4 Sweet Potato ...................................................................................................................................................... 57 4.4.1 Ecology ............................................................................................................................................................ 57 4.4.3 Varieties .......................................................................................................................................................... 58 4.4.4 Sweet Potato Production in Boleso Sore Woreda Wolita Zone ................................................. 59 December 2014 - Feedstock Resources for Bio-ethanol Production in Ethiopia 3 4.4.5 Bio-ethanol production from Sweet Potato ....................................................................................... 61 4.5 Cassava ................................................................................................................................................................ 61 4.5.1 Ecology and Propagation ..................................................................................................................... 62 4.5 2 Varieties ..................................................................................................................................................... 62 4.6 Fruits .................................................................................................................................................................... 63 4.6.2 Mango Fruits ............................................................................................................................................ 63 4.6.2 Cactus Pear................................................................................................................................................ 65 4.6.3 Reject Common Bean ........................................................................................................................... 67 5. Production and Productivity of Feedstocks by Regions .......................................................................... 70 6. Comparative and Competitive Advantages of Feedstocks...................................................................... 72 7.1 Recommended Feedstock for Small-Scale Bio-ethanol Production .............................. 73 8. Cellulose Bio-ethanol ............................................................................................................................................ 79 8.1 Acid Hydrolysis ............................................................................................................................................... 79 8.2 Enzyme Hydrolysis ........................................................................................................................................ 80 8.3 Gasification ........................................................................................................................................................ 81 8.4 Selected Feedstocks for Cellulose Bio-ethanol in Ethiopia ............................................................ 81 8.4.1 Cotton Crop Residue ............................................................................................................................. 81 8.4.2 Invasive Alien Species ......................................................................................................................... 82 9. The Significance of Scaling up Bio-ethanol Stoves and Micro Distilleries for Environmental and Food Security Concerns.......................................................................................... 83 10. The Role of Private and Public Sector in Scaling up of Bio-ethanol Stoves and Micro Distilleries ........................................................................................................................................................... 84 10.1 Public Institutions ......................................................................................................................................... 84 10.2 Private ..............................................................................................................................................................