2 Cover: Burhan Karkoutly, Untitled, circa 1977, Courtesy of owner Saleh Barakat FOUNDER/EDITOR Maha Yahya BOARD OF ADVISORS Philip Khoury, MIT, Chair Lila Abu Lughod, Columbia University Nezar al Sayyad, UC Berkeley Sibel Bozdogan , BAC Leila Fawaz, Tufts University Michael J. Fischer, MIT http://web.mit.edu/cis/www/mitejmes/ TimothyMitchell, NYU A.R. Norton, Boston University Roger Owen, Harvard University Ilan Pappe, Haifa University Elisabeth Picard, Aix en Provence William Quandt, UVA Nasser Rabbat, MIT Edward Said (1935 -2003) Ghassan Salame, Institut d'Etudes Politiques Ella Shohat, NYU Susan Slyomovics, MIT Lawrence Vale, MIT BOARD OF EDITORS Amer Bisat, Rubicon Nadia Abu el Haj, Barnard Jens Hanssen, University of Toronto Bernard Haykel, New York University Paul Kingston , University of Toronto Sherif Lotfi, Ernst & Young Joseph Massad, Columbia University James MacDougall, Princeton University Panayiota Pyla, U of Illinois Champagne Oren Yiftachel, Ben Gurion Amal Ghazal, Dalhousie University Reinoud Leenders, University of Amsterdam REVIEW EDITORS OTTOMAN HISTORY James Grehan, Portland State University ART AND CULTURE Kirstin Scheid, American University of Beirut CONTEMPORARY HISTORY/POLITICS Michael Gasper, Yale University GRAPHIC DESIGNER: Rana Yahya WEBMASTER: Amal Ghazal CONTENTS EDITOR’S NOTE Maha Yahya ……………………………………………………………………...8 SPECIAL FOCUS COMMEMORATING THE NAKSA, EVOKING THE NAKBA GUEST EDITOR LEILA FARSAKH INTRODUCTION Leila Farsakh ………….………………………………………………...................10 DYNAMICSOF OCCUPATION Occupation Means For Territorial Ends: Rethinking Forty Years Of Israeli Rule Rema Hammami with Salim Tamari……………………………………………...23 Political Economy Of Occupation: What Is Colonial About It? Leila Farsakh...…………………………………………………………………...41 Israel’s Dual Regime Since 1967 LevGrinberg…………………………………………………………………….59 DYNAMICSOF RESISTANCE The PLO and the Naksa: The Struggle for a Palestinian State Alain Gresh….…………………………………………………………………..81 Palestinian Women's Movements – From Active Militants to Stateless Citizens Islah Jad……………………………………………………………………….....94 Arts under Occupation in the West Bank nnd Gaza Strip Nadia Yacub..……………………………………………………………….......112 Dynamics of Resistance: The Apartheid Analogy Nancy Murray..…………………………………………………………….........132 http://web.mit.edu/cis/www/mitejmes/ 5 THE WAY FORWARD The Birth, Demise and Future Prospective Of One Palestine Complete Ilan Pappe…………...…………………………………………………………151 Between Nakba and Naksa: Palestinian Intellectuals in Israel Articulating Meanings Of Homeland And Citizenship Honaida Ghanim...…...…………………………………………………………165 Myths and Realities of the Palestinian Refugee Problem: Reframing The Right Of Return Susan Akram…......…...…………………………………………………………183 EPITAPHS How I Remember the 1967 War Salim Tamari……………………………………………………………………201 From the Naksa Back to the Nakba: The 1967 War and the One State Solution Ghada Karmi...…………………………………………………………………203 The Miraculous Phrase Adi Ophir…………………...…………………………………………………..207 THE PALESTINIAN ISRAELI CONFLICT: A CHRONOLOGY (1947-2007 )…………………………………...214 RELEVANT DOCUMENTS UNITED NATIONS RESOLUTIONS • UN Resolution 181…………………………………………………….221 • UN Resolution 194…………………………………………………….243 • UN Resolution 242………………………………………………….....247 • UN Resolution 338…………………………………………………….249 THE BEIRUT SUMMIT DECLARATION…………………………………...250 6 BOOK REVIEWS CONTEMPORARY HISTORY Joel Beinin and Rebecca L. Stein (ed.), The Struggle for Sovereignty: Palestine and Israel 1993-2005 Reviewed by Amir Asmar………………………………………….......................253 David Commins The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia Reviewed by Itzchak Weismann……………………….………………………..256 URBAN CULTURES Mark Mazower Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950 . Reviewed by Eleni Gara………………………………………………………...259 Heghnar Zeitlian Watenpaugh The Image of an Ottoman City: Imperial Architecture and Urban Experience in Aleppo in the 16 th and 17 th Centuries . Reviewed by Çiğdem Kafescioğlu………………………………………………262 OTTOMAN HISTORY Caroline Finkel Osman’s Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire Reviewed by Jane Hathaway……………………………………………………266 Iris Agmon Family and Court: Legal Culture and Modernity in Late Ottoman Palestine Reviewed by Lisa Pollard…………………………………………………….....269 Boğaç A. Ergene Local Court, Provincial Society and Justice in the Ottoman Empire: Legal Practice and Dispute Resolution in Çankırı and Kastamonu (1652-1744) Reviewed by Najwa al-Qattan ……………………………….…………………271 Vol. 8, Spring 2008 © 2008 The MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies http://web.mit.edu/cis/www/mitejmes/ 7 Maurits H. van den Boogert The Capitulations and the Ottoman Legal System. Qadis, Consuls and Beratlis in the 18 th Century . Reviewed by Katerina Papakonstantinou………………………………….……275 IRANIAN STUDIES Hamid Dabashi Iran: A People Interrupted Reviewed by Kouross Esmaeli……………………………………………….…277 Rudi Matthee The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900 Reviewed by Babak Rahimi……………………………………………………..281 HISTORIES OF SEXUALITY Afsaneh Najmabadi Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity . Reviewed by Ranin Kazemi……………………….………………………….…284 Khaled el-Rouayheb. Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800 Reviewed by Amal Ghazal……………………….…………………………...…286 ISLAMIC HISTORY David A. King In Synchrony with the Heavens: Studies in Astronomical Timekeeping and Instrumentation in Medieval Islamic Civilization Reviewed by Robert Morrison…….………………………………….………288 8 Editor’s Note As the Berlin wall went down, what has been called Israel’s largest construction project, “the wall”, 8 meters high and 703 km long of concrete surrounding the West Bank and Jerusalem was going up. Consecrating a new reality on the ground, this wall, along with bypass roads, land confiscation and settlements have formed the tactical arm of a larger Israeli government[s] policy to insure the impossibility of a Palestinian state. It also signaled the existence of the last apartheid regime of the 21 st century. This issue, dedicated to commemorating 40 years of Naksa or the occupation of the West Bank, Gaza and the Golan and evoking 60 years of Nakba, or the establishment of Israel on Palestinian land and the subsequent “ethnic cleansing” that followed, attempts to analyze this ‘reality on the ground’ from different perspectives; the politics of occupation, the forms of resistance and possible ways forward. Israeli official policy has not only transformed the territories into massive incarceration camps, but has also ignored the reality of Palestinians as a people. Their rights are consistently violated at every level: from the most basic rights to health, education, housing and security etc. to their national right to recognition as a community rather than a group of deprived refugees. Yet Palestinians have persisted transforming the most mundane daily activities into acts of resistance. Despite the different forms that Israeli occupation has taken and the harsh and inhuman conditions is has created, we cannot miss the remarkable resistance of the Palestinian populations (and I do not mean the suicide bombings that have caused considerable harm to all) and the different forms it has adopted. Going to school, traveling to work, producing art, promoting culture and other such activities signify the survival and persistence of a people against all odds. These acts of resistance have remained invisible to a larger global community ‘out there.’ As Edward Said stated in 1992, “in the political economy of memory and recollections in the West, there is no room for the Palestinian experience of loss.” Yet for much of the rest of the world the Palestinian narrative of loss and dispossession remains a central theme, particularly in the countries of the Middle East and larger Islamic regions. Not surprisingly the injustice done to Palestinians continues to fuel much of the conflict in the region and beyond. To counteract these conflicts, an integrated attempt to reflect on and address this injustice must take place amongst policy makers and not just academics and in the wider public sphere. The Nakba and Naksa are not semi fictional accounts caused by no one in particular. They are the hard lived reality of more than 4.5 million Palestinians and their descendants in Palestinian territories and in refugee camps across the Arab region (close to 7 million) and the one million Palestinians living in Israel proper. No Oslo agreement or road map will bring peace to the region if the question of Palestine is not recognized as a fundamental question of justice and human rights and concrete steps are taken towards full restitution for historic and contemporary injustice. In this spirit, this critique of Israel’s exclusionary politics is a demand for universal values and ideologies that can counter sectarianism and the narrow minded visions being propagated. Finally, we would like to pay tribute with this modest effort to the memory of Edward Said, the most vocal proponent for Palestinians in the West, to all those dispossessed, and to all those who have died for peace and justice to prevail. Thank you Leila Farsakh for making this special commemorative issue happen. Maha Yahya Vol. 8, Spring 2008 © 2008 The MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies INTRODUCTION COMMEMORATING THE NAKSA, EVOKING THE NAKBA ∗ Leila Farsakh On June 5, 1967 Israel launched a “pre-emptive” attack on Egypt, Jordan and Syria. By June 10 th the war was over. In just six days, the Israeli army