-' •,· ... /'J\.e_a..:;ccf'..S D~rec.T<eL ({j ,J"'"- f-,j.._{(:".,J r'""-'Sec._.....h <h'--<5 - v; IJe.r I . r/. f ... FFC•76 {11-42) CROSS.REFERENCE ON •• MEASoaES.DIRECTED.TOWARD HALTING PERSECUTION: STATEMENTS, POtiCI.ES, AND INFORMATION COMPAIGNS·INSPIRED BY. BOARD: (PRESIDENTIAL STATEMENT) FOR: Amendment to this License D Extension of this License D Renewal of this License . D Correspondence concerning this application CJ Other (Specify) ·~. 1. FOR MATERIAL RE BOARD'S REQUEST. THAT THE HOLY .SEE MAKE REPRESENTATIONS AGAINST THE CONTINUED PERSECUTION OF THE JEWISH POPULATIONS OF HUNGARY AND RUMANIA 2. FOR REPORTS OF PUBLICITY ACCORDED THE PRESIDENT'S STATEMENT IN RESE'()NSE TO THE 'BOARD'S REQUESTS . .· . 3· FOR AN ACCOUNT OF. Al"lTHONY EDE:tf·'S SUBSEQUENT ENDORSEMENT IN THE HOUSE OF COMrlONS OF THE PRESIDENT'S 'STATEMENT. SEE: l. MEASURES DIRECTED TOWARD HALTING PERSECUTIOih APPEALS.THROUGH THE VATICAN . (RUMANIA. AND HUNGARY) ·2. COOPE!i4~ION, WITH OTIIER GOVEIUU.IENTS 3 ~ COO:PERATION WITW OTHER GOVERNMENTS:·.'. UNITED NATIONS . (STATEMENT O!i ATRQciTmS AGAINST THE ;JEi¥S) . .. .. - -- ·-. -_. -:· -.·. < ;· ~ . ·, -. - :' ,_ -. -. _::- . ~ i . - iUS::> HODEL: June 14, l94H I think this ou~ht to ro in our arcl:.ives. :•ot;e thPt on nPf'P ~· nrorr:i- nent reference is ~Rde to Pn excernt J .1Peh'l e . ' COMMISSION TO STUDY THE ORGANIZATION OF PEACE Fourth Report Part Ill. International Safeguard of Human Rights EIGHT WEST FORTIETH STREET, NEW YORK 18, N. Y. May, 1944 }.·.. ·. • COMMISSION TO STUDY THE ORGANIZATION OF PEACE Chait' man FOREWORD JAMES T. SHOTWELL The Commission to Study the Organization of Peace was organized in November 1939 under the chairma~­ Chairman of E.':ewtil'l' Committee ship o[ James T. Shotwell. Its Preliminary Report was WILLIAM ALLAN NEILSON released in November 1940. A second report on The Transitional Period was published in February 1942, and a third, on The United Nations and the Organization of Chairman of Education Committee Peace, in February '943· EMILY HICKMAN The Commission's Fourth Report deals with The Con­ tinuing Organization of the United Nations in relation Coumel to the problems of security against war, social and eco­ BERYL HAROLD LEVY nomic welfare, and international safeguards of human rights. Director The Fourth Report is being issued in sections and the CLARK M. EICHELBERGER following parts have already appeared: Geneml Statement: Fundamentals of the Interna­ tional Organization Part One: Security and World Organization • Part Two: Economic Organization of Welfare Herewith the Commission presents Part Ill, the final section, of its Fourth Report entitled lntemational Safe­ guard of Human Rights. CopieJ of thiJ Report 1/Ja)' be ordered from the COMMISSION TO STUDY THE ORGANIZATION OF PEACE 8 West 40th Street New York 18, N. Y . .~181 ·~t -------------- ----- ~~i •. International Safeguard of The followi11g members of the Commission have signed Human Rights this stateme11t: James T. Shotwell, Chairman I. L. Kandel I. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS Allen D. Albert B. H. Kizer Mary Noel Arrowsmith John I. Knudson IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION . Henry A. Atkinson ...-HansKohn -.<~Frank Aydelotte Walter M. Kotschnig The Declared Purpose of the United Nations · ~ Ruhl J. Banlett Walter H. C. Laves Clarence A. Berdahl Katharine F. Leruoot Subscribing to the Atlantic Charter, the United Nations in their Frank G. Boudreau Beryl H. Levy Declaration of January r, 1942, added that their common action was Harry J. Carman Frank Lorimer --Ben M. Cherrington Pauline E. Mandigo based on the conviction "that complete victory over their enemies is :~.· John L. Childs Charles E. Martin essential to defend life, liberty, independence, and religious free­ E.J.Coil F. Dean McClusky Kenneth Colegrove Frederick C. McKee dom, and to preserve human rights and justice iTI their own lands ]. B. Condlifle Francis E. McMahon as well as in other lands . .. .n Edward A. Conway William P. Merrill This avowal of broad aims is more specific in President Roosevelt's Merle Curti Hugh Moore Marion Cuthbert Roland G. Morris interpretation of the Atlantic Charter. Although the Atlantic Mrs. Harvey N. Davis S.D. Myres, Jr. Charter dcies not mention freedom of information, the President Philip C. Nash Malcolm W. Davis has pointed out that no world society organized under the principles Monroe E. Deutsch John W. Nason Marshall E. Dimock ~illiam Allan Neilson of the Atlantic Charter could survive without this freedom as well Clark M"· Eichelberger G. Bernard Noble as religious freedom. He has also indicated that the right of peoples Williaiil Emerson Ernest Minor Patterson Philo T. Farnsworth Ralph Barton Perry under the Atlantic Charter to choose their own form of government Edgar J. Fisher ----James P. Pope "does not carry wit!J it the right of any government to commit Denna F. Fleming Richard J. Purcell Margaret E. Forsyth C. Eden Quainton wholesale murder or the right to make slaves of its own people." Grace E. Fox Harry B. Reynolds In his statement of March 24, 1944, the President again emphasized ---Harry D. Gideonse Leland Rex Robinson Chester H. Rowell that we are concerned to eliminate oppressive practices as well as -----X!rj.~~~~eeve John A. Ryan aggressive war: .--Harry Sclierman "The United NatioTJs are fighting to make a world in which -v~~~~~ Walter R. Sharp · Roger S. Greene Hans Simons tyranny and aggression cannot exist; a world based upon free­ Pennington Haile Preston Slosson dom, equality, and justice~· a tuorld iTI which all persons re­ J. Eugene Harley Waldo E. Stephens gardless of race, color, or creed may live in peace, honor ~thur Sweetser II Walter D. Head Amy Hewes .f---'1-:lhert D. Thomas and dignity." Sarah Warnbaugh II Emily Hickman Consistent with these statements, the Three Power Declaration Melvin D. Hildreth Walter Wanger Arthur N. Holcombe Edith E. Ware signed at Teheran by Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin invited the Edward H. Hume --Robert J. Watt active participation in ua world family of democratic nations" of all Erling M. Hunt .--'W. W. Waymack Samuel Guy Inman Ernest H. Wilkins nations "whose peoples in !Jeart and mind are dedicated~ as are our . , Oscar I. Janowsky c.. E. A. Winslow own peoples, to the elimination of tyranny and slavery, oppression > ---i'hilip C. Jessup Richard R. Wood ' __.A:lvin Johnson ----Quincy Wright and intolerance." Anne Hartwell Johnstone James Fulton Zimmerman Our Supreme Court has singled out freedom of religion, speech, press and assembly as being "of the very essence of a scheme of [5] [4) " ' enhance the freedom of men. As Roland S. Morris, former Am­ ordered libertY.'' The United States. the Soviet Union, Great Britain ba.ss;~dor to Japan, has put it in a Commission broadcast: and China h~;\'e incorporated these selfsame freedoms in the ~vlm;­ "Among the objectives for which we fight there is none cow Declaration for liberated Italy, which is intended also for other more vital and fundamental than the attainment of a just liberated areas. As Secretary Hull said in his report to Congress: world, where human rights are recognized and protected. "These principles-including freedom of rdigion, of speech, These rights have been in the past generally recognized, but of press and of auembly, and the right of the people ulti­ never adequately protected as belonging to mankind simply mately to choose their own form of government-are among as mankind. They have been left to local or national enforce­ the most basic lwman rights in civilized society." ment, but never recognized in international law as superior In irre-concilable contrast, the Axis nations exalt the .state as all­ to all other law. Today they are challenged by those aggressor powerful in the interests of its rulers, not its people. The state be- nations who seek to subordinate them utterly to the interests ~ comes militarized and human beings are little more than cogs in a of the state, which recognizes no rights superior to immediate war machine. ~len are born to an "education for death." Their national aims. Here the issue is joined with those who are worth as human beings is minimized and they derive what satisfac­ convinced that there can be no just peace that does not recog­ tion they can from the prospect of a conquering state and a master nize human rights as essential to an orderly world." As basic human rights are protected in each country, the preven­ race. tion of war is made easier. As war and the strain of its threat are Human Rights in a Just Peace eliminated, the univt;,rsal protection of human rights can proceed If we seek to relieve people from the oppression of governments more effectively. The relation between human rights and a just which keep them in darkness and persecute them, we do so not only peace is close and interlocking. because such tyranny outrages the conscience of civilized mankind. We do so because this throwback to barbarism reflects a ruthlessness The Bill of Rights Tradition which often extends beyond the nation's own borders. We have In the Anglo-American tradition, basic freedoms of the person seen how easily the step has been taken from internal oppression to have been placed beyond the reach of governmental attack. They external aggres~ion, from the burning of books and of houses of are, in the language of the Declaration of Independence, "unalien­ worship to the burning of cities. We have seen the diseased nation able." They are, in the language of an older tradition, "natural engage in propaganda campaigns which spread the infection abroad rights," which governments cannot take away. John Locke, who and weaken the victim nation by germs of religious and racial revived the doctrine of natural rights, greatly influenced the Found­ hatred.