About the author Ms. Faryal Gill holds an M.Phil. in Linguistics from University of Management and Technology and is presently serving as an assistant professor in the Department of English at Govt. College Women University, Sialkot. She has been teaching English and linguistics at graduate and undergraduate levels for the past thirteen years. She has also served as HEC Teacher's Trainer and conducted many training and workshop sessions on language teaching and developing communication skills. As an educationist, Miss Faryal represented Pakistan in 2018 in the US Consulate's International Visitors Leadership Program in USA. Ms. Faryal Gill has a special interest in probing the linguistic niceties of Pakistan's native languages with a pronounced focus on Punjabi (her own vernacular). She has been ardently working on identifying sociolinguistic aspects of Punjabi with a view to furthering research on Language Universals in the sociolinguistic domain. Her preferred areas of research include Sociolinguistics, Semantics, Pragmatics, Psycholinguistics and Language Teaching Methodology. Higher Education Commission, Islamabad USE OF KIN ADDRESS TERMS IN PUNJABI SPEECH COMMUNITY By Faryal Gill Department of English Govt. College Women University, Sialkot 2018 HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION ISLAMABAD - PAKISTAN i Copyrights @ Higher Education Commission Islamabad Lahore Karachi Peshawar Quetta All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means – including, but not limited to, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or, otherwise or used for any commercial purpose what so ever without the prior written permission of the publisher and, if publisher considers necessary, formal license agreement with publisher may be executed. Project: “Monograph and Textbook Writing Scheme” aims to develop a culture of writing and to develop authorship cadre among teaching and researcher community of higher education institutions in the country. For information please visit: www.hec.gov.pk HEC – Cataloging in Publication (CIP Data): Gill, Faryal. Use of Kin Address Terms in Punjabi Speech Community / Faryal Gill. 1. Kinship 2. Kinship Address Use-Punjabi Community. I. TITTLE. II. ISBN: 978-969-417-217-0 828.91421 ddc23. First Edition: 2019 Electronic Version Only Published By: Higher Education Commission – Pakistan Disclaimer: The publisher has used its best efforts for this publication through a rigorous system of evaluation and quality standards, but does not assume, and hereby disclaims, any liability to any person for any loss or damage caused by the errors or omissions in this publication, whether such errors or emissions result from negligence, accident, or any other cause. i TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ...................................................................................................................... v PREFACE ......................................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................. xi CHAPTER-1 ........................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Background .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Three-fold Purpose .............................................................................................. 4 1.3. Kinship and Society .............................................................................................. 4 1.4. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER – 2 ..................................................................................................................... 7 KINSHIP TRANSFORMATIONS .................................................................................... 7 2.1. Speech Communities and Kin Address Terms .................................................... 7 2.2. Classificatory and Descriptive Terms ................................................................... 9 2.3. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER – 3 ................................................................................................................... 13 TAXONOMY OF KIN ADDRESS TERMS .................................................................... 13 3.1. Kin Classification System ................................................................................... 13 3.2. Kinship Universals .............................................................................................. 15 3.3. Kinship Universals and Componential Analysis ................................................. 17 3.4. Kinship Universals and Optimality Theory ......................................................... 18 3.5. Socio-linguistic Ramifications ............................................................................ 19 3.6. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 22 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................... 23 4.1. Theoretical Bedrock ........................................................................................... 23 4.2. The Tool Box ...................................................................................................... 23 iii 4.3. Why Punjabi Language? .................................................................................... 24 4.4. Kinship in the Field ............................................................................................. 24 4.5. Punjabi Kinship Demography ............................................................................. 24 4.7. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 25 5.1. Generation ......................................................................................................... 28 5.2. Collaterality versus Lineality .............................................................................. 29 5.3. Affinal Versus Consanguineal ............................................................................ 30 5.4. Sex of the Linking Relative ................................................................................ 32 5.5. Decadence (Condition of the Linking Relative) .................................................. 33 5.8. Kinship Behavior ................................................................................................ 36 5.9. Fluidity of Kin Address Terms ............................................................................ 38 5.10. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 42 6.1. Use of Honorifics/Suffixes .................................................................................. 43 6.2. Using Two Terms for One Relative .................................................................... 43 6.3. Role of Sex ......................................................................................................... 44 6.4. Pronouns of Address .......................................................................................... 44 6.5. Pseudo Kinship .................................................................................................. 46 6.6. Husband, Wife Relationship ............................................................................... 46 6.7. Teknonymy ......................................................................................................... 47 6.8. Reasons of Inconsistencies in Spoken Accounts .............................................. 47 6.9. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 48 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 51 .......................................................................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX-A .................................................................................................................... 56 APPENDIX-B .................................................................................................................... 60 .......................................................................................................................................... 60 APPENDIX-C .................................................................................................................... 73 GLOSSARY ...................................................................................................................... 85 INDEX ............................................................................................................................... 87 .......................................................................................................................................... 87