INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript from the'microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not sent UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI Order Number 9014451 Examining the functions of graphics/ art work in literary magazines Magruder, Ralph Clark, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1989 UMI 300N.ZeebRd Ann Aibor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: Copyrighted materials in this document have not been filmed at the request of the author. They are available for consultation, however, in the authors university library. These consist of pages: Figures 1-30 UMI EXAMINING THE FUNCTIONS OF GRAPHICS/ ART WORK IN LITERARY MAGAZINES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ralph Clark Magruder, B.B.A., B.A., M.F.A. * * $ * * The Ohio State University 1989 Dissertation Committee: Kenneth Marantz Nancy MacGregor Advisor J. Ronald Green Department of Art Education DEDICATION To Champ and Helen Magruder, James Magruder, Jeff Magruder. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to the following for their generous permission to reproduce images from their publications: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. Dover Publications, Inc. Edward Lense of Botticelli James Haining of Salt Lick Jim Villani of Pigiron John Witte of The Northwest Review Leslie Willson of Dimension Morty Sklar of The Spirit That Moves Us Press I am also indebted to my friends in Columbus, Ohio, and in Kingsville, Texas, for insisting that there be made order out of disorder, sense out of nonsense, and for contributing greatly to my understanding in the process of working on this study. For such errors as remain, I am solely responsible. I also wish to thank my committee for their time, insight, and encouragement in facing the task of which this study is the result. iii • VITA 1961 B.B.A., Texas Western College, El Paso, Texas 1967 B.A., University of Texas-El Paso, El Paso, Texas 1968 Art teacher, Bassett Jr. High, El Paso, Texas 1969 Art teacher, Austin High School, El Paso, Texas 1972 M.F.A., Arizona State University, Terape, Arizona 1972-Present Texas A & I University, Kingsville, Texas. Tenured, Full Professor FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Drawing Studies in Rendition: John Drocopolis, Mark Regalado, Steve Edwards Major Field: Sculpture Studies in Surfaces: Ben Goo, Nat Woods, Mike Markham Major Field: Art Education Studies in Literary Magazines: Kenneth Marantz iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii VITA iv LIST OF FIGURES vii INTRODUCTION ' 1 CHAPTER . PAGE I. PART ONE: THE YELLOW BOOK 20 Part Two: Beyond The Yellow Book.. 67 Notes Chapter 1 110 II. A STUDY OF SELECTED MAGAZINES 112 Part One: Publishing The Literary Magazine 113 Part Two: The Study Overview 123 Part Three: The Continuum 132 Part Four: The Survey Undertaken.. 145 Notes Chapter II 153 III. VISUAL IMAGES AND TEXT 154 Part One: Text And Image 155 Part Two: Posters 163 Part Three: Cover Art 191 Part Four: Beyond The Single Image 201 Part Five: Phototexts 210 Part Six: Matching 226 Notes Chapter III 235 IV. PHOTOGRAPHY AND THE WORK OF ART 237 Part One: The Photograph 238 Part Two: Photography In Literary Magazines 265 Part Three: Literary Magazines As Works Of Art 284 Notes Chapter IV 300 v CHAPTER PAGE V. TRENDS AND SUGGESTIONS 301 Part One: Answering The Questions. 302 Part Two: Desktop Publishing 315 Part Three: Color 326 Part Four: Implications For Art Education 332 Notes Chapter V 340 APPENDICES PAGE A Ohio Literary Magazines 342 B University Sponsored Texas Literary Magazines 343 C Texas Private Presses 346 D Nominated Literary Magazines 347 E Original Study List 349 F Telephone Survey Form 350 G Continuum Sample Form 353 H Percentage Usage By Magazine 354 I Combined Survey Responses 358 J Site Interviews 399 K Literary Magazines Annotated 488 L An Inventory Of Literary Magazines Sponsored By Texas Institutions Of Higher Learning 501 LIST OF REFERENCES 509 vi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES PAGE Figure 1. Title page from The Gentle Art Of Making Enemies by James McNeil Whistler 31 Figure 2. A Beardsley caricature of Whistler... 33 Figure 3. A Beardsley advertisement for The Yellow Book 35 Figure 4. A Beardsley caricature of Whistler's wife 38 Figure 5. An early Beardsley page in the medieval style 44 Figure 6. Beardsley's cover drawing for The Studio 50 Figure 7. Beardsley's The Peacock Skirt for Salome 52 Figure 8. Beardsley's The Stomach Dance for Salome 53 Figure 9. Beardsley's censored illustration for TheYellow Book which caused his termination. The tree crotch in the right hand upper corner was considered obscene. Virtually the same style tree crotch may be seen in the illustration for the cover of The Studio on page 50 60 Figure 10. Beardsley's first cover for The Savoy 66 Figure 11. Beardsey's self-caricature tied to a hermes 92 V1.1 Figure 12. Beardsley's caricature of Oscar Wilde with tumescent grotesque in Salome .. 100 Figure 13. Beardsley's proposed illustration for Salome, as printed in The Studio .... 102 Figure 14. Beardsley's caricature of Oscar Wilde as the moon in Salome 105 Figure 15. A pastiche illustration for Salome .. 106 Figure 16. A lithograph of Loie Fuller by Toulouse-Lautrec 166 Figure 17. A poster of Loie Fuller by Cheret.... 167 Figure 18. A Beardsley poster advertising the theatrical production: A Comedy of Sighs! 174 Figure 19. "Your Country Needs You." A World War I poster used for recruitment in Britain 176 Figure 20. "I Want You!" A World War I recruitment poster by James Montgomery Flagg 177 Figure 21. A Comparison of some "Want You" type posters 179 Figure 22. A secondary use of the "Want You" type poster 184 Figure 23. An anti pollution poster. The image shows sea gulls mired with oil 187 Figure 24. L'Estampe Originale created as a magazine cover by Toulouse-Lautrec... 195 Figure 25. The title page of Dimension (Vol. 13, No. 1, 1980). The identical image by Gunter Grass was on the cover 202 viii Figure 26. One page of Caren Heft's artist's book, as it was duplicated in The Northwest Review 206 Figure 27. The cover photograph for Men & Women Alone & Together 271 Figure 28. The cover photograph for Sulfur 273 Figure 29. "Picasso at the Beach," by Jeffery Hopp 287 Figure 30. A continued portion of the pen and ink/poetry by Jeffery Hopp, as found in Pig Iron 288 ix INTRODUCTION The Study This study is concerned with those literary magazines that publish creative writing and visual art work. At first blush literary magazines might not seem a propitious source for the discovery of visual art work, yet this is not the case. The CCLM Directory of Literary Magazines (1988-89) carries listings for about 415 magazines. No less than 349 include in their self-descriptions some phrase (usually "graphics/art work") to indicate that their range of interests extends beyond the written word. It is not an exaggeration to say that hundreds of magazines are publishing, each year, thousands of issues carrying visual art work. These literary magazines are published all across the United States, from coast to coast, border to border. This study includes only a portion of that larger number; just over seventy literary magazines, and about half of them in the study are published within the state of Texas. Of these, the preponderance are connected, directly or indirectly, by state supported institutions of higher learning. If Texas suffers beyond its borders from a popularly held misconception that it is filled with Philistines and Yahoos; more comfortable with the trappings of the mystic frontier than the suspect frills of effete civilization, more used to communicating in grunts and a barbarous twang than the mincing accents of the over-educated, the taxpayers of this state may still be allowed to point with some pride to the irrefutable fact that they are supporting, even if indirectly, well more than two score literary magazines. Within the magazines published in Texas, as within the magazines published elsewhere in the United States, there are very often to be found two of the mainstays of our cultural expression, literature and visual art work. It is this latter aspect of publication in literary magazines, the use of visual art, that this study addresses particularly. Nature Of The Problem Are these many thousands of visual images, being published in literary magazines, mere handmaidens in 3 the greater service of creative writing? It would appear, on the contrary, that many of these magazines are carrying visual images, not as illustrations to literature, but as objects worthy of attention for their own inherent aesthetic qualities, or as artifacts generated by artists who are deserving of their reader's attention.