Nationalism and Democracy This book sheds light on the complicated, multifaceted relationship between nationalism and democracy by examining how nationalism in various periods and contexts shapes, or is shaped by, democratic practices or the lack thereof. This book examines nationalism’s relationship with democracy looking at three questions: • The challenge of democracy for sub- state nationalism: analyzing the cir- cumstances under which sub- state nationalism is compatible with demo- cracy, and assessing the democratic implications of various nationalist projects. • The impact of state nationalism on democratic practices: examining the implications of state nationalism for democracy, both in countries where lib- eral democratic principles and practices are well established and where they are not. • How state nationalism affects democratization processes and what impact sub- state nationalism has in these contexts. Featuring a range of case studies from Western, Eastern and Central Europe, Russia, Africa and the Middle East, this book will be of interest to students and scholars of political science, sociology, nationalism and democracy. André Lecours is Associate Professor in the School of Political Studies, Uni- versity of Ottawa. He is the editor of New Institutionalism: Theory and Analysis, the author of Basque Nationalism and the Spanish State and the co-author of Nationalism and Social Policy: The Politics of Territorial Solidarity. Luis Moreno is Research Professor at the Centre for Human and Social Sci- ences within the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) in Madrid. He is co- editor of The Territorial Politics of Welfare and author of The Federalization of Spain (both published by Routledge). He is a board member of the Research Committee on ‘Politics and Ethnicity’ of the International Political Science Association (IPSA). Routledge studies in nationalism and ethnicity Formerly known as Cass series: nationalism and ethnicity, ISSN 1462–9755 Series Editor: William Safran University of Colorado at Boulder This new series draws attention to some of the most exciting issues in current world political debate: nation- building, autonomy and self- determination; ethnic identity, conflict and accommodation; pluralism, multiculturalism and the pol- itics of language; ethnonationalism, irredentism and separatism; and immigra- tion, naturalization and citizenship. The series will include monographs as well as edited volumes, and through the use of case studies and comparative analyses will bring together some of the best work to be found in the field. Nationalism and Ethnicity Ethnicity and Citizenship The Canadian case Edited by Jean Laponce and William Safran Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China Edited by William Safran Identity and Territorial Autonomy in Plural Societies Edited by William Safran and Ramon Maíz Ideology, Legitimacy and the New State Yugoslavia, Serbia and Croatia Siniša Malešević Diasporas and Ethnic Migrants Germany, Israel and Russia in comparative perspective Rainer Munz and Rainer Ohliger Ethnic Groups in Motion Economic competition and migration in multi ethnic states Milica Z. Bookman Post- Cold War Identity Politics Northern and Baltic experiences Edited by Marko Lehti and David J. Smith Welfare, Ethnicity and Altruism New findings and evolutionary theory Edited by Frank Salter Routledge Studies in Nationalism and Ethnicity Ethnic Violence and the Societal Security Dilemma Paul Roe Nationalism in a Global Era The persistence of nations Edited by Mitchell Young, Eric Zuelow and Andreas Sturm Religious Nationalism in Modern Europe If God be for us Philip W. Barker Nationalism and Democracy Dichotomies, complementarities, oppositions Edited by André Lecours and Luis Moreno Nationalism and Democracy Dichotomies, complementarities, oppositions Edited by André Lecours and Luis Moreno First published 2010 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. © 2010 Selection and editorial matter, André Lecours and Luis Moreno; individual chapters, the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Nationalism and democracy: dichotomies, complementarities, oppositions/ edited by André Lecours and Luis Moreno. p. cm. – (Nationalism and ethnicity) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Nationalism. 2. Democracy. I. Lecours, André. II. Moreno Jerez, Luis. JC311.N2212 2010 320.54–dc22 2009032856 ISBN 0-203-85851-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-55915-4 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-203-85851-4 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-55915-7 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-85851-6 (ebk) Contents Notes on contributors ix Acknowledgements xii PART I Theoretical and conceptual discussion 1 1 Introduction: tensions and paradoxes of a multifaceted relationship 3 LUIS MORENO AND ANDRÉ LECOURS 2 Multiculturalism, ethnicity, and the nation-state: ideology, identity, and policy 16 WILLIAM SAFRAN 3 Ethnonational state definition and liberal democratic practices: beyond “neutrality” in deeply divided societies 38 ILAN PELEG 4 National self- determination and democracy 52 BENYAMIN NEUBERGER 5 Competing national identities and democratization: a theoretical and comparative analysis 80 ENRIC MARTÍNEZ-HERRERA viii Contents PART II Case studies 101 6 Making and unmaking democratic opportunities in nationalist mobilization: a comparative analysis of the MLNV (Basque Country) and the BNG (Galicia) 103 PEDRO IBARRA AND RAMÓN MÁIZ 7 Xenophobic parties and the making of exclusionary etatized nationalism: cases from Western and Eastern Europe 128 RAY TARAS 8 Democratization in the post- Soviet countries of Eastern Europe and “nationalizing” politics 149 ELENA MELESHKINA 9 Political and national identity in Russian political discourse 170 OLGA MALINOVA AND PHILIPP CASULA 10 Escalating minority claims: the Arab “vision documents” of 2006–2007 in Israel 184 ILANA KAUFMAN 11 ‘One Zambia, one nation’, many groups: state nationalism as a constraint on ethnopolitics and a facilitator of democratization 208 JAMES R. SCARRITT 12 Unionism and pan- nationalism: exploring the dialectical relationship between minority and majority sub- state nationalism 230 ALLAN CRAIGIE 13 A consociational democracy or Anglo- Irish conflict management? The St Andrews Agreement and the political accommodation of Irish nationalism 247 ADRIAN GUELKE 14 Conclusions 262 ANDRÉ LECOURS AND LUIS MORENO Index 266 Contributors Philipp Casula is Research Assistant at the Institute of Sociology at the Univer- sity of Basel. He studied sociology at the universities of Munich and Berlin as well as Political Science at the University of Rome. His research interests include Russian politics, political theory, discourse analysis and political sociology. His latest publications include ‘Authoritarian Modernization or no Modernization at all? Sources of a Fragile Stability in Russia’ (EADI, 2008), and ‘Changing Discourses of National Identity and Interest in East and West after Cold War’ (SGIR, 2007). Allan Craigie is a PhD candidate at the University of Edinburgh focusing on regionalism and nationalism in Canada and Britain. His research interests include Canadian and British politics, multilevel governance, regionalism and nationalism, and Scottish politics. In addition to his academic work, he is a member of the Canadian Forces Reserve and has worked as a researcher for the Scottish National Party at the newly devolved Scottish Parliament. Adrian Guelke is Professor of Comparative Politics and Director of the Centre for the Study of Ethnic Conflict in the School of Politics, International Studies and Philosophy at Queen’s University, Belfast. Recent publications include The New Age of Terrorism and the International Political System; Terrorism and Global Disorder, Rethinking the Rise and Fall of Apartheid and the co- edited A Farewell to Arms?: Beyond the Good Friday Agreement. Pedro Ibarra is Professor and Director of the Department of Political Science in the University of the Basque Country. His publications include: Social Movements and Democracy (ed., 2002); ‘A Basque Referendum: Resolution of Political Conflict or the Promised Land of Error’, Empire and Terror (with W. Douglass, 2005); and Nacionalismo. Razón y pasión (2005). Ilana Kaufman coordinates the MA programme in Democracy Studies (Open University of Israel). She does research in comparative and ethnic politics and specializes in the political behaviour of the Palestinian citizens of Israel. Author of Arab National Communism in the Jewish State (1997), her recent publications include: ‘Resisting Occupation of Institutionalizing Control of Israeli Women and Protest in West Bank Checkpoints’, International Journal x Contributors of Peace Studies, 2008; and ‘Consensual Democracy