Old Khmer grammar Pacific Linguistics 611 Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in grammars and linguistic descriptions, dictionaries and other materials on languages of the Pacific, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, East Timor, southeast and south Asia, and Australia. Pacific Linguistics, established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund, is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Publications are refereed by scholars with relevant expertise, who are usually not members of the editorial board. FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: John Bowden and I Wayan Arka (Managing Editors), Mark Donohue, Nicholas Evans, David Nash, Andrew Pawley, Malcolm Ross, Paul Sidwell, Jane Simpson, and Darrell Tryon EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD: Karen Adams, Arizona State University Marian Klamer, Universiteit Leiden Alexander Adelaar, University of Melbourne Harold Koch, The Australian National Peter Austin, School of Oriental and African University Studies Frantisek Lichtenberk, University of Byron Bender, University of Hawai‘i Auckland Walter Bisang, Johannes Gutenberg- John Lynch, University of the South Pacific Universität Mainz Patrick McConvell, Australian Institute of Robert Blust, University of Hawai‘i Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander David Bradley, La Trobe University Studies Lyle Campbell, University of Utah William McGregor, Aarhus Universitet James Collins, Universiti Kebangsaan Ulrike Mosel, Christian-Albrechts- Malaysia Universität zu Kiel Bernard Comrie, Max Planck Institute for Claire Moyse-Faurie, Centre National de la Evolutionary Anthropology Recherche Scientifique Soenjono Dardjowidjojo, Universitas Atma Bernd Nothofer, Johann Wolfgang Goethe- Jaya Universität Frankfurt am Main Matthew Dryer, State University of New York Bambang Kaswanti Purwo, Universitas Atma at Buffalo Jaya Jerold A. Edmondson, University of Texas at Ger Reesink, Universiteit Leiden Arlington Lawrence Reid, University of Hawai‘i Margaret Florey, Monash University Jean-Claude Rivierre, Centre National de la William Foley, University of Sydney Recherche Scientifique Karl Franklin, SIL International Melenaite Taumoefolau, University of Charles Grimes, SIL International Auckland Nikolaus Himmelmann, University of Tasaku Tsunoda, University of Tokyo Münster John Wolff, Cornell University Lillian Huang, National Taiwan Normal Elizabeth Zeitoun, Academica Sinica University Old Khmer grammar Philip N. Jenner and Paul Sidwell Pacific Linguistics School of Culture, History and Language College of Asia and the Pacific The Australian National University Published by Pacific Linguistics School of Culture, History and Language College of Asia and the Pacific The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Copyright in this edition is vested with Pacific Linguistics First published 2010 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Author: Jenner, Philip N. Title: Old Khmer grammar / Philip Jenner and Paul Sidwell. ISBN: 9780858836136 (pbk.) Subjects: Khmer language--To 800--Grammar. Inscriptions, Khmer. Other Authors/ Sidwell, Paul J. Contributors: Australian National University. School of Culture, History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific. Dewey Number: 495.935 Typeset by Paul Sidwell Cover: photo courtesy of EFEO, Paris, image of inscritpion K876 Cover design by Julie Manley/Addcolour Digital Pty Ltd Printed and bound by Addcolour Digital Pty Ltd, Fyshwick, Canberra in memoriam Miyo Contents PREFATORY NOTES..................................................................................................................................IX ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................................XI 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1 2 THE WRITING SYSTEM.................................................................................................................... 3 2.1. VOWEL SYMBOLS................................................................................................................................... 4 2.2. CONSONANT SYMBOLS........................................................................................................................... 4 2.2.1. Aspirate Consonant Symbols. ........................................................................................................ 4 2.3. TRANSLITERATION. ................................................................................................................................ 5 3 PHONOLOGY....................................................................................................................................... 6 3.1. VOWELS. ................................................................................................................................................ 6 3.2. CONSONANTS. ........................................................................................................................................ 7 3.2.1. Consonant Clusters........................................................................................................................ 7 3.3. SYLLABLE AND WORD STRUCTURE........................................................................................................ 8 3.3.1. The Monosyllable........................................................................................................................... 8 3.3.2. The Subdissyllable. ........................................................................................................................ 8 3.3.3. The Dissyllable............................................................................................................................... 8 3.3.4. Compounds. ................................................................................................................................... 8 3.3.5. Loanwords. .................................................................................................................................... 9 4 MORPHOLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 10 4.1. AFFIXATION.......................................................................................................................................... 10 4.1.1. Infixes........................................................................................................................................... 10 4.1.2. Prefixes. ....................................................................................................................................... 10 4.1.3. Reduplication. .............................................................................................................................. 11 4.1.4. Analogic Prefixes......................................................................................................................... 11 4.1.5. Affix Function............................................................................................................................... 11 5 WORD CLASSES................................................................................................................................12 5.1. LEXICAL ITEMS..................................................................................................................................... 12 5.1.1. The Verb....................................................................................................................................... 12 5.1.2. The Noun...................................................................................................................................... 18 5.1.3. The Adverb................................................................................................................................... 30 5.2. GRAMMATICAL ITEMS. ......................................................................................................................... 33 5.2.1. Conjunctions. ............................................................................................................................... 33 5.2.2. Prepositions. ................................................................................................................................ 38 6 THE PHRASE...................................................................................................................................... 42 6.1. NOUN PHRASES. ................................................................................................................................... 42 6.1.1. Head + Genitive Modifier............................................................................................................ 42 6.1.2. Head + Appositional Modifier..................................................................................................... 42 6.1.3. Head + Verbal Modifier. ............................................................................................................. 43 6.2. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES. .................................................................................................................... 43 6.3. ADVERBIAL PHRASES ..........................................................................................................................