ENGINEEENGINEERR - Vol.Vol. XLVIII, XLVIII ,No. No. 01, 01, pp. pp. [71-81], [page 2015range], 2015 © The Institution of of Engineers, Engineers, Sri Sri Lanka Lanka 17. Southern highway corridor profile, Technical tributary mass loads”, Water Resour. Res.,Vol. 25, Assistance Consultant‟s Report, Asian 1989, pp. 1379 – 1389. Development Bank, Project Number: 26522-03 Coastal Investigations for Sustainable Development of (TA 7065), 2009. 28. Runkel, R. L., Crawford, C. G., & Cohn, T.A., Load Estimator (LOADEST): A FORTRAN program for Fisheries Infrastructure 18. Ishidaira, H., Takeuchi, K., & Ao, T. Q., estimating constituent loads in streams and rivers, “Hydrological Simulation of Large River Basins U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, A. H. R. Ratnasooriya and S. P. Samarawickrama in Southeast Asia”, Proc., Fresh Perspectives on book 4, chap. A5, 2004, 69 p. Hydrology and Water Resources in Southeast Asia Abstract: Plans have been formulated by the government to increase the fish production and the and the Pacific, Christ Church, 21–24 November 29. Hooper, R. P., Aulenbach, B. T., & Kelly, V. J., national targets indicate significant increases in marine fisheries production. The expansion of the 2000, IHP-V Technical Document in Hydrology “The National Stream Quality Accounting No. 7, 2000, pp. 53–54. Network: A Flux-Based Approach to Monitoring marine fishing fleet and the development of appropriate fisheries infrastructure for the operation of the Water Quality of Large Rivers”, Hydrol. such craft would play a vital role in achieving the future targets for fish production. A number of 19. Takeuchi, K., Hapuarachchi, P., Zhou, M., Process., Vol. 15, No. 7, 2001, pp. 1089–1106. studies were thus conducted to assess the feasibility of developing sustainable fisheries infrastructure Ishidaira, H., & Magome, J., “A BTOP Model to in various parts of the country. The attention in these investigations was mainly focussed on related Extend TOPMODEL for Distributed Hydrological 30. Stenback, G. A., Crumpton, W. G., Schilling, K. E., coastal engineering aspects in order to minimise the adverse impacts on the facility as well as the Simulation of Large Basins”, Hydrol. Process., Vol. & Helmers, M. J., “Rating Curve Estimation of neighbouring coastline to ensure the sustainability and effectiveness of any proposed development. 22, 2008, pp. 3236–3251. Nutrient Loads in Iowa Rivers”, J. Hydrol., Vol. Attempts were made to assess, qualitatively, the exposure of the sites to the nearshore wave climate 396, No. 1-2, 2011, pp. 158–169. and the resulting coastal processes related to sediment (sand) transport in the vicinity. The forms of 20. Beven, K. J., Kirkby, M. J., “A Physically Based, coastal constructions required were identified and the severity of potential impacts due to such Variable Contributing Area Model of 31. De Silva, C. S., Weatherhead, E. K., Knox, J. W., & Hydrology”, Hydrol. Sci. Bull., Vol. 24, No. 1, Rodriguez, D. J. A., “Predicting the Impacts of developments was considered to assess the suitability of the sites for potential development. The 1979, pp. 43–69. Climate Change-A Case Study of Paddy details of selected investigations conducted in eastern, northern, south-western and southern regions Irrigation Requirements in Sri Lanka”, Agr. water are presented and the recommendations are elaborated. 21. Cunge, J. A., “On the Subject of a Flood manage., Vol.93, 2007, pp.19-29. Propagation Computation Method (Muskingum Keywords: Coastal, Fisheries Infrastructure, Sustainable Development. method)”, J. Hydraul. Res., Vol. 7, No. 2, 1969, 32. Walling, D. E., Webb, B. W., “Chapter 3: Water pp. 205–230. Quality. 1: Physical Characteristics”, In The rivers handbook, Calow, P., Pettse, G. E., (eds.), Vol. 1, Plans have been made by the Ministry of 22. Jastram, J. D., Moyer, D. L., & Hyer, K. E., A Oxford, Blackwell, 1992, pp. 48-72. 1. Introduction comparison of turbidity-based and streamflow-based Fisheries and Aquatic Resources to increase estimates of suspended-sediment concentrations in 33. Yusop, Z., Tan, L. W., Ujang, Z., Mohamed, M., & Fisheries activities are carried out along almost the fish production and the national fish three Chesapeake Bay tributaries, U.S. Geological Nasir, K. A., “Runoff Quality and Pollution the entire coastline of Sri Lanka extending over production targets indicate significant Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009– Loadings from a Tropical Urban Catchment”, 1,600 km. A large coastal population is increases in marine fisheries production. The 5165, 2009, 37 p. Water Sci. Technol., Vol. 52, No. 9, 2005, pp. 125- engaged in fisheries activities and, with more expansion of the marine fishing fleet and the 32. than 250,000 active fishermen [7], the fisheries development of appropriate fisheries 23. Lewis, J., “Turbidity-Controlled Suspended sector forms an important part of the national infrastructure facilities for the operation of Sediment Sampling for Runoff-event Load 34. Sri Lanka Standards for potable water – SLS 614, Sri such crafts would thus play a vital role in Estimation”, Water Resour. Res., Vol. 32, No. 7, Lanka Standards Institute, 1983. economy. It accounted for 1.8 % of the Gross 1996, pp. 2299-2310. Domestic Product of the country in 2013 [7]. achieving the future targets for fish 35. Proposed ambient water quality standards for inland Marine fishing, dominating the fisheries sector, production. 24. Rasmussen, P. P., Gray, J. R., Glysson, G. D., & waters of Sri Lanka, Central Environmental contributes to more than 85 % of total fish Ziegler, A. C., Guidelines and procedures for Authority, Sri Lanka, 2001. production [7] and is carried out by a variety computing time-series suspended-sediment of fishing crafts. These include smaller fishing concentrations and loads from in-stream turbidity- crafts-Beach Seine Boats (NBSB), Non- sensor and streamflow data, U.S. Geological Survey Motorized Traditional Boats (NTRB), Techniques and Methods, book 3, chap. C4, 2009, 52 p. Motorized Traditional Boats (MTRB), Outboard Motor Fibre Reinforced Plastic Boats 25. Wickramaarachchi, T. N., Ishidaira, H., & (OFRP) and larger fishing crafts-One Day Wijayaratna, T. M. N., “Streamflow, Suspended Boats with Inboard Engines (IDAY) and Multi Solids, and Turbidity Characteristics of the Gin Day Boats (IMUL)(Figure 1). The total marine River, Sri Lanka”, „Engineer’, Journal of the fishing fleet exceeded 53,000 crafts in 2012 [7] Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka, Vol. 46, No. 4, and is based in various fishery infrastructure Figure 1 - Different Types of Fishing Crafts 2013, pp. 43-51. facilities in the form of Fishery Harbors, Anchorages and Landing Sites along the 26. Littlewood, I. G., Watts, C. D., & Custance, J. M., Eng. A. H. R. Ratnasooriya, AMIE(Sri Lanka), “Systematic Application of United Kingdom coastline of the country. Smaller fishing boats are generally concentrated at a large number B.Sc.Eng.(Hons) (Moratuwa), M.Phil (Moratuwa), Senior River Flow and Quality Databases for Estimating Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Annual River Mass Loads (1975-1994)”, Sci. Total of Landing Sites scattered along the coastline. Moratuwa, Sri Lanka. Environ., Vol. 210-211, 1998, pp. 21-40. The IMUL Boats and IDAY Boats are generally based at various Fishery Harbors and Eng. (Prof.) S. P. Samarawickrama, C. Eng., MIE(Sri 27. Preston, S. D., Bierman, V. J.,& Silliman, S. E., Lanka), B.Sc.Eng.Hons.(Moratuwa), PhD(London), DIC, Anchorages. In 2012, 19 Fishery Harbors and Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of “An Evaluation of Methods for the Estimation of many Anchorages were in operation [6]. Moratuwa, Sri Lanka. ENGINEER 10 711 ENGINEER Fisheries activities in the northern and eastern severity of potential impacts due to such regions of the country were severely affected developments was considered to assess the by the conflict that prevailed in the area for suitability of the sites for potential nearly three decades, but have recommenced development. and expanded since the end of the conflict in 2009. Many of the fisheries infrastructure 3. Fisheries Infrastructure and facilities in these regions are in a dilapidated Coastal Aspects state and are in need of restoration and expansion. A number of studies were thus The fisheries infrastructure facilities provide conducted recently, during the period 2009- essential shelter for mooring and/or beach 2011,to assess the feasibility of developing landing and loading/unloading activities of sustainable fisheries infrastructure in various fishing crafts and shore facilities for related parts of the country. support activities. Fishery Harbors mainly cater for the requirements of larger fishing In this paper, the methodology adopted in the crafts and such facilities usually consist of a investigations is presented first, which is basin area of sufficient size and depth usually followed by a discussion of coastal aspects protected by breakwaters, quay walls to associated with fishery infrastructure facilitate loading/unloading operations and development. The details of coastal aspects, shore facilities for other related activities. nearshore wave climate and coastal sand Fishery Anchorages and Landing Sites mainly transport and shoreline behaviour, are then cater for the requirements of smaller fishing presented. After a discussion on shoreline crafts but larger crafts could also use such response to coastal constructions in general, facilities depending on the depths in the the details of investigations