This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. http://books.google.com u' .. .' . e m a [ .Vj S H -V 5 Jtl E -WiND -3 o V TH . DANIELS-FEARING NEWPORT- R- 1- HARVARD • COLLEGE -LIBRARY GIFT OF DANIEL B FEARING CLASS'OP-l882 : A AA 1911 OF-NEWPORT 1915 THIS BooK 15 NOT TO BE-SOLD OR j THE UNIVERSITY OE MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY THE UNITED STATES AND THE NORTHEASTERN FISHERIES A HISTORY OF THE FISHERY QUESTION HV CHARLES B. ELLIOTT, LL. B. MINNEAPOLIS UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA 1887 BOSTON DAMRELL & UPHAM ilje ©It) Corner foohstort 283 Washington Street THE UNITED STATES AND THE NORTHEASTERN FISHERIES " The public prints hold forth the importance of the fisheries. The reigning toast in the East is, 'May the United States ever maintain their rights to the fisheries.' " M. Marbois to Count de Vergennes, March 13, 1782. "The Fisheries or the Mississippi, — the two great objects of the Union." Gouverneur Morris in Constitutional Convention of 1887. THE UNITED STATES NORTHEASTERN FISHERIES A HISTORY OF THE FISHERY QUESTION BY CHARLES B. ELLIOTT, LL. B. MINNEAPOLIS THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA 1887 .2* HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY GIFT OF DANIEL B. FiTARING 30 JUNE 1915 CoPYRIGHT BY CHARLES B. ELLIOTT 1887 W. T. COLE * CO. Kite Hltittt«r* MINNEAPOLIS This paper was prepared and presented to the Faculty of the University of Minnesota as part of the work of a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. I am indebted to the late Prof. John Norton Pomeroy for the greater part of the translations from French writers on inter national law, and to the officials of the Department of State at Washington for their courtesy in allowing me access to the library and archives of that Department. Nov. 21, 1887. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION -------- 9 PART I — HISTORICAL ACQUISITION OF THE NORTHEASTERN FISHERIES - 15 THE FISHERIES AND THE REVOLUTION - - - 21 THE TREATY OF 1783 26 THE FISHERIES AT THE CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTION - 40 DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE TREATY OF 1783 44 THE NEGOTIATIONS AT GHENT ----- 50 THE TREATY OF 1818 ...... (jy THE RECIPROCITY TREATY OF 1854 74 THE TREATY OF WASHINGTON ----- 79 TEMPORARY DIPLOMATIC ARRAGEMENT 89 PRESENT STATE OF THE QUESTION 90 PART II— THE TREATY OF 1818 IN GENERAL -------- 103 RULES OF CONSTRUCTION ------ 105 FISHING RIGHTS OK AMERICAN CITIZENS - - - 105 In Deep Sea — The Three Mile Limit - - - 106 In Territorial Waters - - - - - - 116 RIGHT TO ENTER HARBORS AND BAYS FOR PURPOSES OTHER THAN FISHING - - - - - 117 To Dry and Cure Fish - - - - - 117 To Obtain Shelter, Wood and Water - - 1 18 To Procure Bait, Prepare to Fish, &c. - - - 119 COMMERCIAL PRIVILEGES - 122 THE RIGHT TO NAVIGATE THE GUT OF CANSO - - 127 PROVINCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF A TREATY - - 129 CONCLUSION - - - - - - - 130 PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES ------ 135 APPENDIX THE UNITED STATES AND THE NORTH EASTERN FISHERIES. INTRODUCTION. AT seemingly regular intervals in the history of the United States, the question of the extent of the rights of American fish ermen to gather the "harvests of the sea" along the northeastern shores of the British North American Provinces has appeared as a disturbing element of international harmony. It is one of the few unsettled questions connected with the foreign relations of the United States which may at some future time lead to war between the two great English speaking nations of the world. From its nature it is peculiarly liable to be the cause of ill- feeling between the parties directly interested. The United States throws its arm along the northeastern coasts and holds certain peculiar territorial rights on the shores of a foreign na tion. Her subjects, while pursuing their occupation, are thus brought into direct personal contact with the subjects of such foreign nation engaged in the same occupation, and naturally jealous of what seem to them foreign interference and compe tition. Conflicting interests under such circumstances are liable to lead to collisions which render negotiations between the re spective nations difficult. Each nation recognizes the import ance of its fisheries. It has been the policy of every maritime country to give this industry government protection. Fisher men are the wards of nations. To them have been universally granted certain extraordinary privileges and exemptions in times of war. IO THE UNITED STATES AND The fisheries are the nurseries of seamen, "the great foun tains of commercial prosperity and naval power," from which are drawn skilled and hardy sailors to man ships of war in time of need. They nurture and train a reserve force for the navies of the world. Hence they have always been fostered and encouraged. From an economic point of view the fisheries are of equal importance. Countless thousands receive from them their chief article of food. " The commercial products obtained from the sea are more numerous and important than would be generally supposed by those who have not looked closely into the matter. To a great part of the civilized world the taking of the cod, the herring, the salmon, the mackerel, the sardine, the seal, and other fishes, is of great value and gives employment to hundreds of thousands of persons. The oil obtained from the seal, cod, shark, &c., is used for lamps, medicine and in industry. Many parts of fish are employed in the arts and manufactures: as, the scales of the bleak for making false pearls, and those of other fish for making ornaments; the skins of the seals and por poises for tanning purposes. Isinglass is obtained from the air or swimming bladders of many. Fish roes are not only used as fish delicacies, but also for bait in some fishing grounds, and ex cellent guano is made from the offal and the bones of fish. The sea is more abundantly stocked with living creatures than the land. In all parts of the world a rocky and partially protected shore perhaps supports in a given space a greater number of in dividual animals than any other station. The sea is filled with animals of several kinds, and each layer of water in depth seems to have its own varieties, thus resem bling the changes which take place according to elevation in the organized portions of the land." ' The supreme importance of these northeastern fisheries to thousands of citizens of the United States who live along the eastern shores can hardly be appreciated by their fellow citizens living inland. Generation after generation of these people have followed the same hardy occupation. Year after year from the time when their ancestors first visited the bleak coasts 1 " Commercial Products of the Sea," by P. L. Simmons, quoted in Joncas on Fisheries, in "Canadian Economics," p. 72. THE NORTHEASTERN FISHERIES. II they have made the same annual voyage. Millions of dollars are invested in the business. The right to participate . in these fisheries has always been claimed by them and its justness can not be controverted. The absolute right of a Gloucester fisher man to take fish off the Canadian coast, subject to the treaty restrictions made by his government, rests on the same title as American right to the soil of Bunker Hill. The "fishery question" was intimately connected with the early history of the United States. The men who signed the Treaty of Paris, in 1783, thought that they had forever placed beyond question the rights and liberties of citizens of the new nation in the fisheries. Every generation of American statesmen can bear testimony to their error. In one form or another the fishery dispute has always been before the public. It is a nut which our State Depart ment has been attempting to crack for more than a hundred years, and the only result is the hardening of the shell. It is true that the relative importance of the fisheries has de creased amid the diverse and multiform pursuits of modern commercial and industrial life, until, as compared with the whole, they are of small importance. But it is equally true that the importance of an international question is not governed solely by the number of dollars involved. The difficulty is not about " a few fish " but about the true construction of a treaty, and the duty of one civilized nation towards the citizens of another. PART I HISTORICAL THE ACQUISITION OF THE NORTHEASTERN FISHERIES. In order to understand the fishery question it is necessary to trace its history and to consider the important position it has oc cupied in the history of the nation and of the States and Provinces situated on the Atlantic coast. Before the division of the British Empire by the successful revolt of the North American colonies, the valuable fisheries along the eastern and northeastern coasts of the continent were the property of the Empire, open to the free and common use of all its citizens. The history of the northeastern fisheries dates back to a time soon after the discovery of America. They were known to, the Normans and Biscay ans as early as the year 1504, and, for almost a century before any attempt was made at colonization, these adventurous toilers of the sea pursued their perilous calling on the shores of the island of Newfoundland and the adjacent mainland. ' In 1517 fifty ships were engaged in the Newfoundland fish eries, and in 1577 the French fishermen employed one hundred fifty vessels." 1 The first to use these fisheries were the Basques (the people of Nor mandy and Brittany). According to Pe're Fournier the Basques were busy drawing cod from the water and had given the name Barsalaos, or Codlands, to Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton.