Choanephora Wet Rot of Cucumber and Its Management [khjs dk dks;uhQksjk vknzZxyu ,oa bldk izca/ku Sangeeta Choudhary Thesis Master of Science in Agriculture (Plant Pathology ) 2015 Department of Plant Pathology S.K.N. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, JOBNER-303 329 SRI KARAN NARENDRA AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, JOBNER Choanephora Wet Rot of Cucumber and Its Management [khjs dk dks;uhQksjk vknzZxyu ,oa bldk izca/ku Thesis Submitted to the Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science In the Faculty of Agriculture (Plant Pathology) By Sangeeta Choudhary 2015 Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner CERTIFICATE-I Dated :_______2015 This is to certify that Miss Sangeeta Choudhary has successfully completed the comprehensive examination held on 22 April 2015 as required under the regulation for Master’s degree. (K.S. Shekhawat) Professor & HEAD Department of Plant Pathology S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner CERTIFICATE-II Dated :________2015 This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Choanephora wet rot of cucumber and its management” submitted for the degree of Master of Science in the subject of Plant Pathology embodies bonafide research work carried out by Miss Sangeeta Choudhary under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by the advisory committee on ........................ (K.S. Shekhawat) Professor & HEAD (R.P. Ghasolia) Department of Plant Pathology Major Advisor S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (S.N. Sharma) DEAN S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner CERTIFICATE-III Dated :______2015 This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Choanephora wet rot of cucumber and its management” submitted by Miss Sangeeta Choudhary to Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the subject of Plant Pathology after recommendation by the external examiner, was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory. We therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved. (R.P. Ghasolia) (S. Godika) Major Advisor Advisor (B.L. Jat) (K. Ram Krishna) Advisor Director Education Nominee (K.S. Shekhawat) Professor & HEAD (S.N. Sharma) Department of Plant Pathology Dean S.K.N. College of Agriculture, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner Jobner Approved DIRECTOR EDUCATION S.K.N. Agriculture University, Jobner Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner CERTIFICATE-IV Dated : _____ 2015 This is to certify that Miss Sangeeta Choudhary of the Department of Plant Pathology, S.K.N., College of Agriculture, Jobner has made all corrections/ modifications in the thesis entitled “Choanephora wet rot of cucumber and its management” which were suggested by the external examiner and the advisory committee in the oral examination held on ______2015. The final copies of the thesis duly bound and corrected were submitted on ______2015 and forwarded herewith for approval. (R.P. Ghasolia) Major Advisor (K.S. Shekhawat) PROFESSOR & HEAD Department of Plant Pathology S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (S.N.Sharma) DEAN S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner APPROVED DIRECTOR EDUCATION SKNAU, Jobner ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the ecstasy. I express my esteem and profound sense of gratitude to Dr. R. P. Ghasolia, major advisor, Asstt. Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner, for his valuable and inspiring guidance, constant encouragement and keen interest during the course of present investigation and preparation of this research report. I convey the feeling of gratitude to the members of my advisory committee Dr. S. Godika, Professor, Deptt. of Plant Pathology, Dr. B.L. Jat, Professor and Head, Deptt. of Entomology, Dr. K. Ram Krishna, Director Education Nominee for the help rendered during the course of investigation. I am also deep and heartful greatfulness to the Dean, S. K. N. College of Agriculture, Jobner and Dr. K. S. Shekhawat, Head and Professor, Deptt. of Plant Pathology for providing necessary facilities during the course of investigation. I am again ecstatic to express my inherent sense of gratitude to Dr. Mahaveer Singh, Dr. R.L. Mahala, Dr. Rekha Kumawat, Deptt. of Plant Pathology, Dr. O.P. Garhwal, Asstt Professor, Deptt. of Horticulture and all the staff members, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner whose cooperation made this investigation smooth and easy. Down the memory lane. I am very much thankful to my dear friends Manju, Sukhlal, Jitendra, Vishambar, Anita, Nagar, Sunita my seniors, Sanju di, Arjun Ji, sajjan Ji, suresh Ji, Manoj Ji and my lovely juniors Madhu, Pankaj, Bhagwati, Rajesh, Roshan, Raj kumar, Pramod, Suresh and Rajbala with whom I went hand in hand during my study and research work. My vocabulary falls short to express heartiest regards to my grandmother Smt. Radha Devi, father Sh. Raghunath Prasad Ji, lovely mother Smt. Prem Devi, Elder brother Narendra Mohan, younger brother Dinesh, Bhabhi Sumitra and lovely niece Divya and Nivedita whose consistent encouragement and blessing are beyond my expression that brought me here up to dream without which it could not have been sketched. I am also grateful to Sh. Suresh Yadav of Vimal Computers, Jobner, who typed this manuscript. Last but not the least, a millions of thanks to God the almighty who made me to complete this task and made every job a success for me. Place: Jobner Dated: (SANGEETA CHOUDHARY) CONTENTS CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE NO. NO. 1. INTRODUCTION ……….. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……….. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ……….. 4. RESULTS ……….. 5. DISCUSSION ……….. 6. SUMMARY ……….. LITERATURE CITED ……….. ABSTRACT (English) ……….. ABSTRACT (Hindi) ……….. LIST OF TABLES Table Particulars Page No. No. 4.1 Pathogenicity of Choanephora wet rot of cucumber ----------- 4.2 Effect of temperature on mycelial growth of ----------- Choanephora cucurbitarum 4.3 Effect of relative humidity on mycelial growth of ----------- Choanephora cucurbitarum at 25 + 10C 4.4 Effect of different media on mycelial growth of ----------- Choanephora cucurbitarum at 25 + 10C 4.5 Efficacy of salicylic acid on Choanephora wet rot of ----------- cucumber 4.6 Efficacy of fungicides on mycelial growth of ----------- Choanephora cucurbitarum at 25 + 10C (in vitro) 4.7 Efficacy of different fungicides against Choanephora wet ----------- rot of cucumber (in vivo) 4.8 Efficacy of bioagents against Choanephora wet rot of ----------- cucumber 4.9 Screening of cucumber varieties against Choanephora ----------- cucurbitarum LIST OF FIGURES Figure Particulars Page No. No. 4.1 Effect of temperature on mycelial growth of ……… Choanephora cucurbitarum 4.2 Effect of relative humidity on mycelial growth of ……… Choanephora cucurbitarum at 25 + 10C 4.3 Effect of different media on mycelial growth of ……… Choanephora cucurbitarum at 25 + 10C 4.4 Efficacy of salicylic acid on Choanephora wet rot of ……… cucumber 4.5 Efficacy of fungicides on mycelial growth of ……… Choanephora cucurbitarum at 25 + 10C in vitro 4.6 Efficacy of different fungicides against Choanephora ……… wet rot of cucumber in vivo 4.7 Efficacy of bioagents against Choanephora wet rot of ……… cucumber 4.8 Screening of cucumber varieties against Choanephora ……… cucurbitarum LIST OF PLATES Plate Particulars Page No. No. 4.1 Morphological characters of Choanephora cucurbitarum …… 4.2 Pathogenicity test ……. 4.3 Symptoms of Choanephora wet rot on cucumber plants …… 4.4 Effect of temperature on mycelial growth of Choanephora ……. cucurbitarum 4.5 Effect of relative humidity on mycelial growth of …… Choanephora cucurbitarum at 25 + 10C 4.6 Effect of different media on mycelial growth of ……. Choanephora cucurbitarum at 25 + 10C 4.7 Efficacy of fungicides on mycelial growth of …… 0 Choanephora cucurbitarum at 25 + 1 C (in vitro) 1. Introduction Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is known as “Kheera” in Hindi. It is a popular and widely cultivated summer vegetable in India which belongs to family Cucurbitaceae. It is one of the important vegetable crops which supply edible product and fibre. Cucumber is used as salad or as vegetable and as desert fruit specially in Rajasthan. In India, cucumber is commonly grown in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Assam and Rajasthan, generally towards the riversides. Rajasthan state provides the maximum potential for the production of cucumber because of its agro-climatic conditions that are best suited for their growth and yield. According to De Candole (1967) cucumber is an indigenous vegetable of India. Purseglove (1967) has suggested that all cultigens (Cucumis sativus) originated from northern India where the related Cucumis hardwicki Royle occurs as wild, although this might be a “weedy” form of Cucumis sativus, which has escaped from cultivation. Cucumber has been cultivated in India for at least three thousand years (Rai and Yadav, 2005). Cucumber is an annual deep-rooted crop with tendrils and hairy leaves. The plants may have an indeterminate, determinate or a compact