EPA Document # EPA-740-R1-8002 June 2018 United States Office of Chemical Safety and Environmental Protection Agency Pollution Prevention Exposure and Use Assessment of Five Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic Chemicals Peer Review Draft June 2018 Contents TABLES ................................................................................................................................................................... 7 FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................................. 7 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 15 2. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................. 15 3. APPROACH .................................................................................................................................................. 17 4. DECABROMODIPHENYL ETHER (DECABDE) .................................................................................................. 21 4.1. Chemistry and Physical-Chemical Properties ................................................................................ 21 4.2. Uses ................................................................................................................................................ 21 4.3. Characterization of Expected Environmental Partitioning ............................................................ 24 4.4. Overview of Lifecycle and Potential Sources of Exposure ............................................................. 25 4.4.1. Background and Brief Description of Lifecycle ....................................................................................... 25 4.4.2. Manufacturing ....................................................................................................................................... 26 4.4.3. Imported Articles .................................................................................................................................... 27 4.4.4. Processing: Incorporated into Formulation, Mixture, or Reaction Products and Incorporation into Article Components ..................................................................................................................................... 27 4.4.5. Processing: Recycling ............................................................................................................................. 28 4.4.6. Industrial/Commercial Use: Fabrics, Textiles and Apparel (textile manufacturing) ............................... 28 4.4.7. Industrial/Commercial Use: Incorporation into Plastic Articles (wire and cable coatings) .................... 28 4.4.8. Industrial/Commercial Use Articles – Complex articles .......................................................................... 28 4.4.9. Consumer Articles ................................................................................................................................... 29 4.4.10. Qualitative Trends Over Time for Releases and Occupational Exposures .............................................. 29 4.5. Environmental Monitoring ............................................................................................................ 29 4.5.1. Indoor Dust ............................................................................................................................................. 32 4.5.2. Indoor Air................................................................................................................................................ 35 4.5.3. Ambient Air ............................................................................................................................................ 36 4.5.4. Surface Water ........................................................................................................................................ 37 4.5.5. Drinking Water ....................................................................................................................................... 38 4.5.6. Soil .......................................................................................................................................................... 38 4.5.7. Sediment ................................................................................................................................................ 40 4.5.8. Sludge/Biosolids ..................................................................................................................................... 43 4.5.9. Influent/Effluent ..................................................................................................................................... 44 4.5.10. Landfill Leachate .................................................................................................................................... 44 4.5.11. Vegetation/Diet ...................................................................................................................................... 45 4.5.12. Other ...................................................................................................................................................... 45 4.6. Biomonitoring ................................................................................................................................ 46 4.6.1. Human blood (serum)............................................................................................................................. 48 4.6.2. Human (other) ........................................................................................................................................ 50 4.6.3. Aquatic invertebrates ............................................................................................................................. 52 4.6.4. Fish ......................................................................................................................................................... 53 4.6.5. Aquatic mammals .................................................................................................................................. 54 4.6.6. Terrestrial invertebrates ......................................................................................................................... 54 4.6.7. Birds........................................................................................................................................................ 55 4.6.8. Terrestrial mammals .............................................................................................................................. 56 4.6.9. Other ...................................................................................................................................................... 56 Page 2 of 190 4.7. Trends in Monitoring Data ............................................................................................................. 56 4.7.1. Indoor Dust ............................................................................................................................................. 57 4.7.2. Ambient Air ............................................................................................................................................ 57 4.7.3. Soils ........................................................................................................................................................ 58 4.7.4. Sediments ............................................................................................................................................... 59 4.7.5. Biosolids ................................................................................................................................................. 59 4.7.6. Humans .................................................................................................................................................. 60 4.7.7. Aquatic Invertebrates ............................................................................................................................. 60 4.7.8. Fish ......................................................................................................................................................... 61 4.7.9. Birds........................................................................................................................................................ 61 4.8. Modeled Intake and Dose Data ..................................................................................................... 62 4.9. Overview of Existing Exposure Assessments ................................................................................. 64 4.10. Representative Exposure Scenarios ............................................................................................... 68 4.11. Summary of Review Articles .......................................................................................................... 70 4.11.1. Dust ........................................................................................................................................................ 71 4.11.2. Soil .......................................................................................................................................................... 71 4.11.3. Surface Water and Sediments ...............................................................................................................