Land And EPA 510-B-17-003 Emergency Management October 2017 5401R www.epa.gov/ust How To Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies For Underground Storage Tank Sites A Guide For Corrective Action Plan Reviewers Chapter XIV Enhanced Anaerobic Oxidative Bioremediation Contents Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 Initial Screening Of Enhanced Anaerobic Oxidative Bioremediation ........................................................... 4 Detailed Evaluation Of Enhanced Anaerobic Oxidative Bioremediation ...................................................... 7 Site Characteristics Affecting Enhanced Anaerobic Oxidative Bioremediation ...................................... 10 Hydraulic Conductivity And Soil Permeability..................................................................................... 10 Groundwater Flow Direction And Velocity ......................................................................................... 11 Depth To Groundwater ....................................................................................................................... 12 Soil Structure And Stratification ......................................................................................................... 12 Porosity ............................................................................................................................................... 14 Oxidation-Reduction Potential ........................................................................................................... 15 Terminal Electron Acceptors ............................................................................................................... 16 Groundwater Geochemistry ............................................................................................................... 17 Groundwater pH ................................................................................................................................. 18 Groundwater Temperature ................................................................................................................ 19 Microbial Presence ............................................................................................................................. 20 Bioaugmentation ................................................................................................................................ 21 Constituent Characteristics Affecting Enhanced Anaerobic Oxidative Bioremediation ......................... 21 Biodegradability .................................................................................................................................. 21 Location Of Contamination ................................................................................................................. 23 Concentration And Toxicity ................................................................................................................. 26 Solubility .............................................................................................................................................. 27 Soil Sorption ........................................................................................................................................ 28 Special Considerations For MTBE And Other Fuel Oxygenates .......................................................... 29 Treatability Testing ..................................................................................................................................... 31 Evaluation Of Enhanced Anaerobic Oxidative Bioremediation Design ...................................................... 33 Design Basis ............................................................................................................................................. 33 Cleanup Goals ......................................................................................................................................... 35 Technology Selection .............................................................................................................................. 36 Selection Of Electron Acceptors ......................................................................................................... 37 November 2016 XIV-iii Delivery Methods ................................................................................................................................ 42 Design Components ................................................................................................................................ 46 Components Of An Enhanced Anaerobic Oxidative Bioremediation System ......................................... 49 Types And Locations Of Wells ............................................................................................................. 49 Nutrient Concentrations ..................................................................................................................... 54 Aquifer Matrix Diffusion Potential ...................................................................................................... 54 Evaluation Of Operation And Monitoring Plans ......................................................................................... 55 Remedial Performance Monitoring ........................................................................................................ 55 Maintenance Of The Remedy ............................................................................................................. 60 Unintended Consequences ................................................................................................................. 61 Evaluation Criteria ................................................................................................................................... 62 References .................................................................................................................................................. 64 Anaerobic Reductive Bioremediation ..................................................................................................... 71 Checklist: Can Enhanced Anaerobic Oxidative Bioremediation Be Used At This Site? ............................... 73 November 2016 XIV-iv List Of Exhibits Number Title Page XIV-1 Enhanced Anaerobic Oxidative Bioremediation: Primary Advantages And Disadvantages .......... 4 XIV-2 Initial Screening For Potential Effectiveness Of Enhanced Anaerobic Oxidative Bioremediation . 6 XIV-3 Key Parameters Used To Evaluate The Effectiveness Of Enhanced Anaerobic Oxidative Bioremediation ............................................................................................................................... 8 XIV-4 Detailed Screening For Potential Effectiveness Of Enhanced Anaerobic Oxidative Bioremediation ............................................................................................................................... 9 XIV-5 Redox Potentials For Various Electron Acceptors ........................................................................ 16 XIV-6 Conceptualization Of Electron Acceptor Zones In The Subsurface Downgradient Of A Petroleum Release ......................................................................................................................................... 17 XIV-7 Average Temperature Of Shallow Groundwater ......................................................................... 19 XIV-8 Composition And Relative Biodegradability Of Petroleum Products ........................................... 23 XIV-9 Constituent Concentration And EAOB Effectiveness ................................................................... 27 XIV-10 Solubility Values For Select Petroleum Hydrocarbon Constituents ............................................. 28 XIV-11 MTBE Considerations For Applying EAOB .................................................................................... 31 XIV-12 EAOB Design Basis Factors ........................................................................................................... 35 XIV-13 Anaerobic Biodegradability Of Selected Petroleum Constituents Using Various Electron Acceptors ...................................................................................................................................... 37 XIV-14 BTEX Mass That Can Be Biodegraded By Various Electron Acceptors ......................................... 38 XIV-15 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Various Electron Acceptors .................................................. 39 XIV-16 Delivery Methods For In-Situ Bioremediation ............................................................................. 44 XIV-17 Various Treatment Configurations ............................................................................................... 45 XIV-18 Suggested EAOB Design Components .......................................................................................... 48 XIV-19 Major Components Of EAOB Systems .......................................................................................... 49 XIV-20 Recirculation System Layout ........................................................................................................ 51 XIV-21 Schematic Of A Horizontal Recirculation System ......................................................................... 52 XIV-22 Common Performance Monitoring Parameters And Sampling Frequencies