Al-Munqidh mina al-Ḍalāl in English With Special Focus on Retranslation A thesis submitted to the University of Salford for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2016 Ayman Haj Yasin The School of Humanities, Languages & Social Sciences Table of Contents Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................................... viii Notice on Transcription of Arabic.. ....................................................................................................... ix Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Motivations and Aims of the Study ................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Data of the Study ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Research Questions and Methodology ............................................................................................ 3 1.4 Organization of the Study ................................................................................................................ 5 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW OF TRANSLATION THEORY ........................... 9 2.1 Linguistic Approaches to Translation ............................................................................................. 9 2.2 Translation and Text Typology ..................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Skopos Theory ............................................................................................................................... 20 2.4 Descriptive Translation Studies: Polysystem and Norms Theory ................................................. 22 2.5 The Cultural Turn and Politics of Translation ............................................................................... 26 2.5.1 Venuti’s Hermeneutic Model .................................................................................................. 29 2.5.2 Foreignizing Translation ......................................................................................................... 31 2.6 Summary of Chapter Two .......................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER THREE: CULTURE-SPECEFIC ITEMS IN TRANSLATION .............................. 45 3.1 Culture-Specific Items .................................................................................................................... 45 3.2 Translation of CSIs ........................................................................................................................ 48 3.3 Typologies of Translating CSIs ..................................................................................................... 52 3.3.1 Vladimir Ivir ............................................................................................................................... 52 3.3.1.1 Borrowing ............................................................................................................................. 52 3.3.1.2 Definition .............................................................................................................................. 53 3.3.1.3 Literal Translation ................................................................................................................ 53 3.3.1.4 Addition ................................................................................................................................ 54 3.3.1.5 Substitution ........................................................................................................................... 54 3.3.1.6 lexical Creation ..................................................................................................................... 55 3.3.1.7 Omission ............................................................................................................................... 55 i 3.3.2 Aixelá’s Typology ...................................................................................................................... 56 3.3.2.1 Preservative Procedures........................................................................................................... 56 3.3.2.1.1 Repetition .......................................................................................................................... 56 3.3.2.1.2 orthographic Adaptation .................................................................................................... 56 3.3..2.1.3 Linguistic (non-cultural) translation ................................................................................. 57 3.3.2.1.4 Extratextual Gloss ............................................................................................................. 57 3.3.2.1.5 Intratextual Gloss .............................................................................................................. 57 3.3.2.2 Substitutive Procedures ........................................................................................................... 58 3.3.2.2.1 Synonymy ........................................................................................................................... 58 3.3.2.2.2 Limited Universalization .................................................................................................... 58 3.3..2.2.3 Absolute Universalization ................................................................................................. 58 3.3.2.2.4 Naturalization ..................................................................................................................... 59 3.3.2.2.5 Deletion .............................................................................................................................. 59 3.3.2.2.5 Creative Autonomous Creation .......................................................................................... 59 3.4 Discussion of Ivir’s and Aixelá’s Typologies ................................................................................ 60 CHAPTER FOUR: RETRANSLATION THEORY ...................................................................... 64 4.1 What is Retranslation? ................................................................................................................... 64 4.2 Berman on Retranslation ............................................................................................................... 65 4.2.1 The Progress Argument ........................................................................................................... 66 4.2.2 The Updating Argument .......................................................................................................... 70 4.3 Retranslation as a Challenge ......................................................................................................... 71 4.3.1 Passive and Positive Retranslation ............................................................................................. 72 4.3.2 Venuti’s Perspective ................................................................................................................... 75 4.3.2.1 Retranslation: Making the Difference .................................................................................. 75 4.3.2.2 Retranslation and Agency of Translation ............................................................................. 76 4.3.2.3 Canonicity and Economic Reasons ...................................................................................... 78 4.3.2.4 Readership and Ideology ...................................................................................................... 79 4.3.2.5 Retranslation and History ..................................................................................................... 81 4.3.2.6 Summary of Venuti’s Perspective ........................................................................................ 83 4.4 The Retranslation of non-Literary Texts ....................................................................................... 84 4.4.1 Retranslating Barthes and Cixous .............................................................................................. 85 4.4.2 Retranslation of The Second Sex ................................................................................................ 89 ii 4.4.3 Retranslation of The Arts of War ................................................................................................ 92 4.5 Summary of Chapter Five ............................................................................................................. 95 CHAPTER FIVE: AL-MUNQIDH MIN AL-ḌALAL .................................................................... 98 5.1 An Overview ................................................................................................................................. 98 5.2 The Time of al-Ghazālī ................................................................................................................. 99 5.3. Al-Ghazālī: Life and Work ......................................................................................................... 101 5.4 Munqidh ......................................................................................................................................