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The Univer- sity operates through a worldwide network of research and training centres and programmes, and its planning and coordinating centre in Tokyo. Trafficking in humans Trafficking in humans: Social, cultural and political dimensions Edited by Sally Cameron and Edward Newman United Nations a University Press TOKYO u NEW YORK u PARIS 6 United Nations University, 2008 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not nec- essarily reflect the views of the United Nations University. United Nations University Press United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan Tel: þ81-3-3499-2811 Fax: þ81-3-3406-7345 E-mail: [email protected] general enquiries: [email protected] http://www.unu.edu United Nations University Office at the United Nations, New York 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-2062, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: þ1-212-963-6387 Fax: þ1-212-371-9454 E-mail: [email protected] United Nations University Press is the publishing division of the United Nations University. Cover design by Joyce C. Weston Printed in Hong Kong ISBN 978-92-808-1146-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Trafficking in humans : social, cultural and political dimensions / edited by Sally Cameron and Edward Newman. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-9280811469 (pbk.) 1. Human trafficking. 2. Transnational crime. I. Cameron, Sally. II. Newman, Edward, 1970– HQ281.T717 2008 364.15—dc22 2007037004 Contents Figuresandtables..................................................... vii Contributors........................................................... viii Acknowledgements . ............................. ix Acronyms.............................................................. x 1 Introduction: Understanding human trafficking . 1 Edward Newman and Sally Cameron Part I: Themes ........................................................ 19 2 Traffickinginhumans:Structuralfactors......................... 21 Sally Cameron and Edward Newman 3 Globalization and national sovereignty: From migration to trafficking .......................................................... 58 Kinsey Alden Dinan 4 Traffickingofwomenforprostitution ............................ 80 Sally Cameron vi CONTENTS 5 Migrant women and the legal politics of anti-trafficking interventions ...................................................... 111 Ratna Kapur 6 Trafficking in women: The role of transnational organized crime............................................................... 126 Phil Williams Part II: Regional experiences ........................................ 159 7 The fight against trafficking in human beings from the Europeanperspective............................................. 161 Helga Konrad 8 Human trafficking in East and South-East Asia: Searching for structuralfactors .................................................. 181 Maruja M. B. Asis 9 Human trafficking in Latin America in the context of internationalmigration ........................................... 206 Gabriela Rodrı´guez Pizarro 10 Human trafficking in South Asia: A focus on Nepal ............ 224 Renu Rajbhandari 11 Trafficking in persons in the South Caucasus – Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia: New challenges for transitional democracies ....................................................... 252 Gulnara Shahinian Index .................................................................. 274 Tables and figures Tables 4.1 Legalizing the sex industry in Australia . .................. 100 8.1 Status of ratification of trafficking and migration instruments ...................................................... 200 Figures 1.1 Examples of structural and proximate factors involved in trafficking ........................................................ 3 1.2 Traffickingelements............................................. 5 8.1 Framework for analysing legal and unauthorized migrations........................................................ 185 vii Contributors Maruja M. B. Asis is director of Science and International Studies at research and publications at the the University of Birmingham, UK. Scalabrini Migration Center in Priortothat,hewasdirectorof Manila, the Philippines. studies on Conflict and Security in the Peace and Governance Sally Cameron works as a consultant Programme of the United Nations on gender and governance issues, University. based in Sydney, Australia, and is a former policy analyst at the Renu Rajbhandari is the chairperson Australian Federation of AIDS of the Women’s Rehabilitation Organisations. Centre (WOREC), Nepal. Kinsey Alden Dinan is a consultant Gabriela Rodrı´guez Pizarro is a based in New York, and a research representative of IOM Chile, and associate at Colombia University. former UN special rapporteur for human rights of migrants (1999–2005). Ratna Kapur is a director of the Centre for Feminist Legal Research Gulnara Shahinian is on the board of in New Delhi. trustees of the UN Voluntary Trust Fund of Contemporary Forms of Helga Konrad is an international Slavery, and a board member and consultant on combating human founder of the NGO Democracy trafficking and former OSCE Today. (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe) special Phil Williams is director of the representative on trafficking in University of Pittsburgh’s Ridgway human beings. Center for International Security Studies and professor at the Edward Newman is a senior lecturer Graduate School of Public and in the Department of Political International Affairs. viii Acknowledgements This volume is the principal result of a project on human trafficking or- ganized by the Peace and Governance Programme of the United Nations University. The editors would like to express their thanks to the contrib- utors for their commitment and perseverance during a rather protracted publication process. In addition, we would like to thank Jyoti Sanghera, who gave a great deal of support to the project, including a valuable in- put into the research workshop held in Geneva and help in identifying participants. ix Acronyms ABACEELI American Bar Association Central and Eastern European Law Initiative AFL-CIO American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organiza- tions ARIAT Asian Regional Initiative against Trafficking BKA Bundes-Kriminalamt CAHTEH Council of Europe Ad Hoc Committee on Actions against Traf- ficking in Humans CATW Coalition against Trafficking in Women CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women CIS Commonwealth of Independent States DRC Democratic Republic of Congo ECPAT End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism ESCAP Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific EU European Union FSU former Soviet Union GAATW Global Alliance against Traffic in Women HDI Human Development Index IDP internally displaced person ILO International Labour Organization IMADR International Movement against All Forms of Discrimination and Racism IMF International Monetary Fund IOM International Organization for Migration IPEC International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour x ACRONYMS xi IPTF International Police Task Force (Bosnia) KFOR Kosovo Force MCW Migrant Workers Convention NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO non-governmental organization NIS newly independent states OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OPA overseas performing artist OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe RICO racketeering-influenced corrupt organization SAARC South Asian Alliance for Regional Cooperation STV Foundation against Trafficking in Women (Netherlands) UMCOR United Methodist Committee on Relief UNDP UN Development Programme UNESCO UN Economic, Social and Cultural Organization UNHCR Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF UN Children’s Fund UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women WOREC Women’s Rehabilitation Centre (Nepal) 1 1 Introduction: Understanding human trafficking Edward Newman and Sally Cameron This volume aims to deepen understanding of the social, economic and political contexts of human trafficking: the recruitment and transporta- tion of human beings through deception and coercion for the purposes of exploitation. Upon this basis, the book considers whether an under- standing of the underlying explanatory (‘‘structural’’) factors can inform policy discussion and point to strategic interventions which strengthen the fight against trafficking. There is significant – although still insufficient – knowledge about the activities of human traffickers, and a range of policy options exist at the national and international levels to address this