9 FRANCISCAN VALUES AND SOCIAL CONTEXTS: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF FOUNDERS OF ANGLICAN FRANCISCAN THIRD ORDERS, 1 8 8 2 -1 9 3 9 . Rosemary Ann Sharpe. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The London School of Economics and P o litic a l Science 1 UMI Number: U055777 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U055777 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 'f M - £ £ £ S F noz^ <£U0?/cSc>6^ ABSTRACT. This thesis is an account of how certain resources and the values they expressed came to be available and visible in society, and of how these values were taken up, transformed and used in particular ways. It will demonstrate how four individuals, in different social contexts, acquired and transformed these values, as they attempted to initiate varying forms of the same type of organisation. The values with which the thesis is concerned are those inferred from the life of St. Francis of Assisi (1182-1226). Part One sketches how (a) Roman Catholics made the values they ascribed to St. Francis available as resources and (b) those outside the Roman Catholic Church, especially in the period 1882-1939, came to know of these resources and values, and modified them. Part Two consists of four life-history narratives constructed from oral history, manuscripts and printed materials. They recount how four people in this period came to be stimulated by these resources, and attempted to institutionalise the values they absorbed from them in different forms of an Anglican Franciscan Third Order. The first narrative traces part of the mercurial life of James Adderley, who encouraged individuals to express Franciscan values through attempting to bring about social justice. The second narrative explains how Emily Marshall came to connect Franciscan values with her desire to see women’s ministry recognised by the Church of England. The third and fourth narratives are set mainly in India. John Winslow in the ’High Noon’ of the British Empire linked Franciscan and Indian bhakti values to form an ashram, Christa Seva Sangha. Verrier Elwin merged Franciscan and Gandhian values while living among aboriginal tribes. The final chapter analyses the complex interplay between Franciscan values and social contexts which is demonstrated by these four examples, and draws some sociological conclusions from the research. TABLE OF CONTENTS. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 13 A CHRONOLOGICAL CHART OF EVENTS FROM THE BIRTH OF FRANCIS TO HIS CANONISATION.......................................................................... 14 A CHRONOLOGICAL CHART OF SELECTED EVENTS RELEVANT TO THE FOUNDERS OF ANGLICAN FRANCISCAN THIRD ORDERS..................... 16 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 24 1. Identifying a Franciscan Problem 24 (1) The Problem of Past and Present. (2) The Basic Facts about Francis of Assisi, 1182-1226. (3) The Pope’s Proclamation: A Saint, an Exemplar of Catholic Values. (4) A Franciscan Revival, 1882-1926. (5) The Mass Media a t the High Point of the Franciscan Revival in 1926 Illustrate a Sociological Problem. 2. A Spiral of Franciscan Resources........................................... 32. (1) The Production of Franciscan Texts: Three Approaches to a Problem. (a) Examining the Constructionof Texts. (b) Examining the Content of Texts. (c) Examining the Distribution of Texts. (2) Defining a Resource-Spiral: A Sociological Problem of Production and Consumption. (3) The Consumption of Franciscan Texts: The Problems of Access, Comprehension and Interaction. (4) Identifying the Range of Franciscan Resources Available for Consumption. 3. Investigating Some Aspects of the Consumption of Franciscan Resources: Four Founders of Anglican Franciscan Third Orders, 1882-1939..................................... 37. (1) The Sample of Four Founders. 3 Table of Contents 4 (2) Interrogating the Founders. (3) Investigating Social Contexts. 4. The Research Process .................................................................. 40. (1) Initial Access to Data. (2) Historical-Outsider and Contemporary-Insider. (3) The Second Stage of Data Collection. (4) Analysis of the Data (i) Using Variables (ii) Testing the Plausibility of Hypotheses. 5. The Presentation of Research Results ........................ 44. (1) Situational Studies. (2) Life Histories. (3) Narratives. (4) Theoretical Plots. 6. Summary of the Remaining Chapters. ..................... 45. PART ONE. 56. CHAPTER TWO: THE CONSTRUCTION OF FRANCISCAN RESOURCES AND VALUES................................................................................. 57. P art One: The Legacy of almost Seven C en tu ries. 1. Constructing Franciscan Resources After Canonisation. 57. (1 Allocating Sacred Time* (2 Celebrating Sacred Topography. (3 Authorising Sacred Texts. (4 Occupying Sacred Space. (5 Appropriating Sacred Artefacts. (6 Formalising Sacred Organisations. (7 Summary. 2. Constructing and Diminishing Franciscan Resources in England, 1224-1558 ........................................................................ 68. (1) The Coming of the Franciscan Cultus and Franciscan Orders to England. (2) The Coming of the Protestants to England. (3) Summary. 3. Modifications to the Resources.............................................. 71. (1) The Growth of the Franciscan Orders: Human Resources. (2) Modification of Franciscan Visual Resources. (3) Modification of Franciscan Sacred Texts. Table of Contents 5 4. The Century-Long Storm, 1789-1882. ' ............................. 74. (1) The Lack of a Strong Franciscan Presence in Protestant England and the European Mainland in an Age of Rationalism and Revolution. (2) The Reign of Pope Pius IX. Part Two: Reviving and Rediscovering Franciscan Resources and Values. 1882-1926. 5. The Construction of an Argument Between the Roman Catholics and Others, 1882-1926 ............................................. 75. (1) Pope Leo X III’s Proposition about S t. Francis Addressed to Roman Catholics. (a) Commendation of S t. F rancis. (b) Commendation of the Franciscan Third Order. (2) Paul Sabatier’s alternative Proposition about St. Francis Addressed to the ‘Others’. (a) The Controlling Constraints of the Institution in the Interpretation of St. Francis. (b) The Distorting Constraints of the Saint- System in the Representation of St. F rancis. (c) The Positive Alternative: Seeing Francis, the Man, in his Context. (d) Francis, the Man for All Humanity. (3) The Demarcation of the Differences in Inter­ pretation among Roman Catholics and ‘the O thers*. 6. The Development of the Roman Catholic Propositions. 81. (1) Human Organisations: The Roman Catholic Third Order. (2) Authorising Franciscan Texts. (3) Celebrating Franciscan Topographies and Buildings. (4) Allocating Franciscan Sacred Time. 7. ‘The Others* Make a Franciscan Movement Visible in Great Britain, c. 1850-1926....................................................... 84. (1) The Absence of Franciscan Sacred Time. (2) The Provision of Franciscan Texts. (a) Issuing General Texts about St. Francis and Franciscans: Isolated Examples, c. 1850-1894. (b) Authorising Scholarly Texts, c. 1850-1926. (c) Fine Art Criticism: Lectures and Other Texts, c. 1850-1926. (d) General Interest Library Texts, 1894-1926. (e) Texts for Personal Leisure Reading, 1850-1926. (f) Children’s Books. Table of Contents 6 (3) Celebrating Topography, c. 1850-1926. (4) Silent Proclamation by Paintings, c. 1850-1926. (5) Appropriating Artefacts for New Purposes, c. 1900-1926. (6) Occupying Symbolic Space, 1900-1926. 8. The Culmination at the Seventh Centenary of St. Francis*s Death, 1926.................................................................. 97. PART TWO. 108. CHAPTER THREE: THE SOCIAL DRAMAS OF JAMES GRANVILLE ADDERLEY...................................................................... 109. Part One: Seeking to be *A Sort of Friar*. 1861-1893. 1. Imbibing Values from the Social Contexts of Early Life, 1861-1884 .............................................................................. 109. (1) A Son of Hams H all. (2) From Student to Actor at Oxford University. (3) An Articled Clerk in Westminster Reads a Pamphlet. 2. Responding to the Bitter Cry of the Outcast in Bethnal Green, 1885-1888 ............................................... 113. (1) An Unconventional Warden of Oxford House. (2) A Soap-Box Orator in Victoria Park. (3) A Curate Among the Paupers. 3. Experiencing E th ical Dilemmas Generated in Church and Society in Poplar, West Ham, 1889-1893................. 117. (1) Building a Church of St. Frideswide. (2) Set Between Two C lasses in the 1889 Dock S trik e . 4. Acting in National Arenas, 1892-1894 ...................... 120. (1) A Troublesome Committee Member of the Christian Social Union. (2) A Writing and Cycling Member of the Clarion Fellowship. (3) A Confession of Political Belief at the Church Congress. (4) 'A Black Lamb’ and a Member of the Independent Labour Party. (5) Advertising for Friars in a Church Newspaper. Table of Contents 7 Part Two: Seeking a Franciscan