The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, & Letters Volume 91 • 2014 Includes selected and refereed articles from the 2014 Annual Conference held at Dixie State University April 11, 2014 Editor Kristin L. Kraus Copyright 2015, Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, & Letters. Copyright reverts to authors after publication. Printed in the United States of America by Brigham Young University Academic Publishing, Provo, Utah. Neither the editors nor the sponsoring organization assumes responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the contributors. ISBN-13: 978-0-9815501-8-3 All Rights Reserved Board of Editors Arts: Angie Banchero-Kelleher, Utah Valley University Biological Science: Laurie Mauger, Southern Utah University Business: Douglas K. Peterson, Westminster College Education: Laura Snelson, Utah Valley University Engineering: Doran Baker, Utah State University Exercise Science and Outdoor Recreation: L Nathan Thomas, Salt Lake Community College Letters—Humanities, Philosophy, Foreign Language: David Richter, Utah State University Letters—Language and Literature: Keith Lawrence, Brigham Young University Physical Sciences: Laine Berghout, Weber State University Social Science: Kristine J. Olson, Dixie State College 2013-2014 Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, & Letters Officers President: Erin O’Brien, Dixie State University President-Elect: Jonathan Westover, Utah Valley University Past President: Nichole Ortega, Utah Valley University Secretary: Gary Cantrell, Dixie State University Membership/Newsletter: Jessica Awtrey, Utah Valley University Treasurer: Karl Israelsen Scholary Communications: Peter Kraus, University of Utah Member at Large: Dwight Israelsen, Utah State University Webmaster: R. Steven Turley, Brigham Young University Cover Photo: Brandon K. Wiggins, Joseph Smidt, Daniel J. Whalen, Wesley Even, Victor Migenes, and Chris L. Fryer. “Assessing the Ob- servability of Hypernovae and Pair-Instability Supernovae in the Early Universe,” p. 167 Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters History: Founded 3 April 1908, the Utah Academy of Sciences was organized "to promote investigations and diffuse knowledge in all areas of science." Beginning in 1923, the Academy started publishing the papers presented in its annual meetings in Proceedings. In June 1933 at the annual meeting, the Academy was enlarged to include arts and letters, and the name was changed to the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. Articles of incorporation and non-profit organization status were accepted by the Academy membership at the spring meeting in April 1959. In 1977, the name of the journal of the Academy was changed from Proceedings to Encyclia. It became a refereed journal at this time. In the mid 1980s, the scope of the Academy was expanded further to include (1) business, (2) education, (3) ENGINEERING, (4) library information and instruction, and (5) health, physical education, and recreation. Beginning with the 1998 issue, the journal became The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. Annual Meeting: The Academy's annual meetings are normally held in the spring on one of the Utah campuses of higher education. The plenary session is called the Tanner Lecture, endowed by Mr. O.C. Tanner in 1986. Best Paper Awards: The best paper presented in every division is given a cash award, which is presented at the Academy's "Awards Evening" held the following fall. Distinguished Service Awards: The Academy recognizes outstanding contributions to teaching and scholarship by means of annual Distinguished Service Awards, alternating every other year between disciplines. Membership: When the Academy was founded in 1908, membership was by nomination, ratified by the Council, and elected by a "three- fourths votes of members present." Today, the Academy's membership is available by application. Institutional Members: All Utah institutions of higher education are members of the Utah Academy. The Academy appreciates their patronage. Publication Policy The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters publishes works in all of the fields of study encompassed in the Academy’s mission. Pa- pers published in The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Let- ters are drawn from papers presented by members in good standing at the annual conference of the Utah Academy. To qualify for publication, the papers must be recommended through a refereeing system. Presenters are encouraged to publish their paper in The Journal of the Utah Academy. The Journal’s criteria are that a submission is (1) fresh, mean- ingful scholarly insight on its subject; (2) readable and well written; and (3) of general interest for an academic readership beyond the author’s field. If you wish your paper to be considered for publication in The Journal, please submit a Microsoft Word document to the section editor of the appropri- ate section by the indicated deadline. Contact information for the section edi- tors is available on the Utah Academy’s website (www.utahacademy.org). The Journal of the Utah Academy is a refereed journal. Editorial responses will be forthcoming after the resumption of school the following fall when referees have returned their comments to the division chairs. Papers should be between ten and twenty double-spaced pages. Detailed instructions to authors are available at http://www.utahacademy.org/ Instructions_for_Authors.pdf. Among the bibliographic services listing at Bowker Serials Bibliographies and The Standard Periodical Direction. Indexing and abstracting services that cite articles in the journal include Arts and Humanities Citation Index, Biosciences Information Services, Current Geographical Publication, Chemical Abstracts, Mathematical Reviews, MLA Biography, Sociological Abstracts, Excerpta Botanica, Social Planning, Policy and Development Abstracts, Language and Language Behavior Abstracts, Index to Scientific Technical Proceedings, and Index to Social Sciences, and Humanities Proceedings. The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, & Letters—2014 AWARDS Distinguished Service Award 11 Academy Fellow 2014 12 O.C. Tanner Panel 13 John and Olga Gardner Prize 16 Awards Evening Lecture 18 Honorary Member 19 2014 Best Paper Awards 20 ARTICLES BIOLOGY Edge Effect on Mycrorrhizal Infection Occurrence in Gutierrezia sarothrae [Asteraceae] 23 Shannon M. Call, Weber State University Induction of Callus on Capsicum annuum: The First Step Toward Micropropagation 31 Samantha Beck, Toma Todorov, Olga R. Kopp, Utah Valley University Microbial Screening of Potable Water Sources in Guatemala, a Potential Source of Disease Transmission 43 Emma Bentley, Craig Oberg, Karen Nakaoka, Weber State University Chytridiomycosis Infection Rates in Hyla arenicolor in Zion National Park 61 Hailey Shepherd, Jacob Lammers, Curt Walker, Dixie State University BUSINESS Assessing the Effectiveness of Hybrid Course Design and Student Learning Outcomes in Management and Math Courses 69 Jonathan H. Westover, Jacque P. Westover, Utah Valley University EDUCATION Effects of Human Development Misconceptions on Course Achievement by College Type and Gender 91 Dana L. Erskine, Utah Valley University and Salt Lake Community College ENGINEERING The Volition of Intelligence 107 Todd K. Moon, Utah State University Solar Aureole Measurements (SAM) System Control 127 Connor George, Gene Ware, Doran Baker, Utah State University, A.T. Stair Jr., Dennis Villanucci, Visidyne, Inc. Global Nightly OH and O2 Mesospheric Airglow: Examining a Decade of Measurements Using the NASA SABER Satellite Sensor 135 Jonathan Price, Jordan Rozum, Gene Ware, Doran Baker, Utah State University, Martin G. Mlynczak, NASA Langley Research Center, James M. Russell III, Hampton University EXERCISE SCIENCE AND OUTDOOR RECREATION Senior Athletes Experiencing “Psychological Momentum” in Sporting Events 143 M. Vinson Miner, Utah Valley University LETTERS—HUMANITIES, PHILOSOPHY, AND FOREIGN LANGUAGE Female Guards, Nurses, and Doctors in German Concentration Camps 151 Hans-Wilhelm Kelling, Brigham Young University PHYSICAL SCIENCES Assessing the Observability of Hypernovae and Pair-Instability Supernovae in the Early Universe 167 Brandon K Wiggins,1,2 Joseph Smidt,2 Daniel J Whalen,3 Wesley Even,2 Victor Migenes,1 Chris L Fryer2, 1Brigham Young University, 2Los Alamos National Laboratory, 3Max Planck Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics SOCIAL SCIENCES In The Name of God 185 Shadman Bashir, Dixie State University Behaviors, Motivations, Beliefs, and Attitudes Related to Bottled Water Usage at Weber State University 191 Anthony King, Zackary Bjerregaard, Matthew Booth, Shannon Clugston, Miles Dittmore, Stephen Fossett, Dusty Pilkington, Pieter Sawatzki, Carla Koons Trentelman, Weber State University Planning for Dark Skies: Lighting Ordinances in the Intermountain West 213 Jeremy Bryson, Amber Corbridge, Jaisha Gull, Weber State University Shall We Share a Ride, Wildcats? CVM Study of the Willingness of Weber State University Students to Accept Ride-Sharing 225 Jung-hee Lee, Weber State University Adjunct Faculty Attitudes of Diversity 235 Nathan Brown, Jamie Hill, Kerry Kennedy, Madeline Smith, Weber State University Effects of Religious Fundamentalism on Sex- Related Attitudes about the Self and Others 247 Kristine Olson, Lacee Player, Lahela Manning, Stephanie Likos, Kara Anderson, Dixie State University Sources of Mormon Religious Activity in the United States: How Latter-day Saint Communities Function where Mormons Predominate and Where They Are Sparse