Proceedings of the Workshop on the Science of Atmospheric Trace Gases, 2004 Compiled by T. S. Clarkson NIWA Technical Report 125 2004 Published by NIWA Wellington 2004 Edited and produced by Science Communication, NIWA, Private Bag 14901, Wellington, New Zealand ISSN 1174-2631 ISBN 0-478-23269-1 © NIWA 2004 Citation: Clarkson, T.S. (comp.) (2004). Proceedings of the Workshop on the Science of Atmospheric Trace Gases, 2004. NIWA Technical Report 125. 167 p. Cover photograph by Tony Bromley. The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research is New Zealand’s leading provider of atmospheric, marine, and freshwater science NIWA acknowledges the practical and financial assistance of the Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Consortium and the Climate Change Office of the Ministry for the Environment towards the publication of this volume of extended abstracts. Visit NIWA’s website at http://www.niwa.co.nz 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 5 1.1 THE TRACE GAS WORKSHOP Tom Clarkson ...................................................................... 5 1.2 THE RELEVANCE OF NZ TRACE GAS RESEARCH – AN INTRODUCTION AND AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE David Wratt ................................................................... 8 1.3 THE STATE OF PLAY” – UNFCCC AND THE KYOTO PROTOCOL Helen Plume ........... 12 2 PRESENTATIONS FROM MINISTRIES ................................... 14 2.1 THE NEW ZEALAND AGRICULTURAL INVENTORY RESEARCH PROGRAMME FOR NON-CO2 GREENHOUSE GASES Gerald Rys, Helen Plume, Keith Lassey, and members of NZOnet and Methanet Expert Groups .......................................................... 14 2.2 ENERGY SECTOR INVENTORY IN NEW ZEALAND’S GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Ram SriRamaratnam ........................................................................................ 18 3 INDUSTRY VIEWPOINTS ............................................................ 23 3.1 REDUCING RUMINANT METHANE EMISSION – A CONSORTIUM APPROACH Mark Leslie ............................................................................................................................. 23 3.2 COMMERCIAL DRIVERS. IS THERE A MARKET FOR PRODUCTS? Warwick Green .... 25 3.3 THE FARMER’S VIEW ON CLIMATE CHANGE – ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION Tom Lambie ............................................................................................................................ 26 4 OVERVIEWS OF THE SCIENCE ................................................ 27 4.1 WHERE HAS ALL THE METHANE GONE? Dave Lowe, Bill Allan, and Katja Riedel ....... 27 4.2 MITIGATING N2O EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE – AN OVERVIEW OF THE SCIENCE Cecile de Klein .................................................................................................... 29 4.3 FIELD AND LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS Gordon W. Brailsford ............................. 33 5 AGRICULTURAL EMISSIONS - NITROUS OXIDE ............... 36 5.1 RESTRICTED AUTUMN GRAZING REDUCES NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM DAIRY PASTURES IN SOUTHLAND Cecile de Klein, Chris Smith, and Ross Monaghan ............................................................................................................... 36 5.2 NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM WINTER GRAZED FORAGE CROPS S.M. Thomas, G.S. Francis, H.E. Barlow, M.H. Beare, L.A. Trimmer, R.N. Gillespie, and F.J. Tabley. ...................................................................................................................... 39 5.3 NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM FERTILISED VEGETABLES S.M. Thomas, H.E. Barlow, G.S. Francis and D. I. Hedderley ..................................................................... 42 5.4 INDIRECT NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM LEACHED N S.M. Thomas, S.F. Ledgard and G.S. Francis ............................................................................................... 44 5.5 DETERMINING NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM SUB-SURFACE MEASUREMENTS IN GRAZED PASTURE: A FIELD TRIAL OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY Z.Li, and F.M. Kelliher .............................................................................. 46 5.6 SIMULATION OF NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM NEW ZEALAND GRAZED PASTURES USING ‘NZ-DNDC’ MODEL Surinder Saggar, Carolyn Hedley, Jacquline Townsend, Suzanne Lambie, Donna Giltrap, Kevin Tate, Changsheng Li ............ 48 5.7 DNDC AND ITS APPLICATIONS Chengsheng Li and Surinder Saggar ............................. 52 1 5.8 N2O AND N2 EMISSIONS FROM PASTURE AND WETLAND SOILS RECEIVING NITRATE-N AS INFLUENCED BY SOIL AMENDMENTS M. Zaman, L. Nguyen, and B. Quin............................................................................................................................. 56 5.9 EFFECT OF UREASE AND NITRIFICATION INHIBITORS IN REDUCING GASEOUS NITROGEN LOSSES FROM PASTURE SOILS J. Singh, S. Saggar, N.S. Bolan, and B.F. Quin ........................................................................................................................ 59 5.10 NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM EFFLUENT APPLICATION Rita Bhandral, S. Saggar, N.S. Bolan and M.J.Hedley ................................................................................... 63 5.11 AN ATMOSPHERIC GAS-FLUX RATIO METHOD FOR QUANTIFYING NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION FROM NEW ZEALAND DAIRY FARMS Tony Bromley, Ross Martin, and Mike Harvey ............................................................................................... 66 6 AGRICULTURAL EMISSIONS – METHANE .......................... 70 6.1 STOCKING RATE EFFECTS ON METHANE AND CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION BY CATTLE C.S. Pinares-Patiño, C. Martin, and P. D’hour...................... 70 6.2 TOP-DOWN DETERMINATION OF AGRICULTURAL METHANE FLUXES Keith Lassey, Neil Gimson, Gordon Brailsford, Tony Bromley, Ross Martin, and Rowena Moss ................................................................................................................... 75 6.3 METHANE EMISSIONS FROM FARMED RED DEER Natasha Swainson, Simone Hoskin, Marie Krause, and Harry Clark ................................................................... 78 6.4 MEASURING METHANE EMISSIONS AT THE HERD SCALE Johannes Laubach and Francis M. Kelliher ................................................................................................................ 81 6.5 LOWERING RUMINANT METHANE: DEER, DIET AND PROTOZOA Matthew J. Nicholson, Natasha M. Swainson, Simone O. Hoskin and Keith N. Joblin ......... 84 6.6 THE EFFECT OF LEVEL OF FEEDING AND FORAGE QUALITY ON METHANE EMISSIONS BY WETHER LAMBS German Molano, Tiphaine Renard,and Harry Clark ... 86 6.7 METHANE EMISSIONS FROM GROWING BEEF CATTLE GRAZING HILL COUNTRY PASTURE A.J. Cavanagh, G. Molano and H. Clark .......................................... 89 6.8 CAN TRACERS OTHER THAN SF6 BE USED TO MEASURE ENTERIC METHANE EMISSIONS FROM INDIVIDUAL ANIMALS ? R.S. Hegarty, A. Machmueller, and G.C. Waghorn .................................................................................................................. 92 6.9 LOWERING RUMINANT METHANE: DIET AND DEER METHANOGEN POPULATIONS Paul Evans, Nicola D. Walker, Simone O. Hoskin, Natasha M. Swainson and Keith N. Joblin. ............................................................................ 93 6.10 LOWERING RUMINANT METHANE: PHAGE THERAPY Nicola D. Walker, Paul Evans and Keith N. Joblin.............................................................................................. 96 6.11 METHANE EMISSION ESTIMATES FROM ANIMAL DUNG AND WASTE- MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN NEW ZEALAND Surinder Saggar, Harry Clark, Carolyn Hedley, Kevin Tate, Andrew Carran, and Gerald Rys ............................................ 98 6.12 METHANE EMISSIONS FROM CATTLE DUNG AND METHANE CONSUMPTION IN NEW ZEALAND GRAZED PASTURES Surinder Saggar, Kevin Tate, Carolyn Hedley, and Andrew Carran ................................................................................... 102 6.13 FIELD TESTING AN AUSTRALIAN DEVELOPED ANTI-METHANOGEN VACCINE IN GROWING EWE LAMBS Harry Clark, Andre-Denis Wright, Keith Joblin, German Molano, Adrienne Cavanagh, and Jason Peters .................................................... 107 6.14 EFECT OF SARSAPONIN ON RUMINAL METHANE, FERMENTATION AND MICROBES IN VITRO AND IN CATTLE H. Itabashi, Z.A. Lila, N. Mohammed, and S. Kanda ........................................................................................................................ 109 2 6.15 METHANOGEN GENOMICS TO DISCOVER TARGETS FOR METHANE MITIGATION Bill Kelly, Zhanhao Kong, Dong Li, and Graeme Attwood ........................ 111 7 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION INVENTORIES .................. 115 7.1 NIWA INVENTORY OF NEW ZEALAND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS – 2001 Darren King.......................................................................................................................... 115 7.2 DATABASE OF EMISSION FACTORS AND OTHER PARAMETERS Keith Lassey ......... 117 7.3 ALTERNATIVES TO THE GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL CONCEPT FOR COMBINING THE EFFECTS OF EMISSIONS OF DIFFERENT GREENHOUSE GASES ON CLIMATE G.E. Bodeker ................................................................................... 119 7.4 DISPOSAL OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE NEW ZEALAND OCEAN. Lionel Carter1 and Keith Hunter .......................................................................................... 123 7.5 EFFECTIVE ABATEMENT OF GREENHOUSE GASES AT INSTITUTE LEVEL FROM A COMPLETE INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND SINKS Zulfiqar Butt, Ian Valentine, Kevin Tate, Surinder Saggar, and Mike Dodd ....................... 127 7.6 EFFECTS OF DAIRY FARMING INTENSIFICATION AND