Forest HealthTechnology Enterprise Team Technology transfer • Biological control Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods Christchurch, New Zealand February 8-13, 2009 Edited by Peter G. Mason, David R. Gillespie & Charles Vincent Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada FHTET-2008-06 December 2008 United States Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Forest Department of Morgantown, West Virginia Service Agriculture Papers were submitted in an electronic format, and were edited to achieve a uniform format and typeface. Each contributor is responsible for the accuracy and content of his or her own paper. Statements of the contributors from outside of the U.S. Department of Agriculture may not necessarily reflect the policy of the Department. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. Any references to pesticides appearing in these papers does not constitute endorsement or recommendation of them by the conference sponsors, nor does it imply that uses discussed have been registered. Use of most pesticides is regulated by state and federal laws. Applicable regulations must be obtained from the appropriate regulatory agency prior to their use. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish and other wildlife if they are not handled and applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices given on the label for use and disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The correct citation of this work is: Peter G. Mason, David R. Gillespie and Charles Vincent (Eds.). 2008. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods. Christchurch, New Zealand, 8-13 February 2009, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Morgantown, WV, FHTET-2008-06, December 2008, 636 p. Proceedings of the THIRD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF ARTHROPODS Christchurch, New Zealand February 8-13, 2009 Peter G. Mason, David R. Gillespie and Charles Vincent (Eds.) USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET-2008-06 3rd INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF ARTHROPODS Christchurch, New Zealand, February 8-13, 2009 PREFACE The Third International Symposium on the Biological Control of Arthropods held in Christchurch, New Zealand builds upon the foundation laid at the first meeting in Hawaii in January 2002 and the second, which was in Davos, Switzerland in 2005. The intent of the ISBCA is to create a meeting for practitioners, a forum for information exchange, an event to build cohesion among the research community, and to foster discussions of issues affecting biological control work, particularly concerning the use of parasitoids and predators as biological control agents. Biological control has never been more important globally than it is now. Invasive organisms are a major threat to natural and engineered ecosystems with biosecurity measures to mitigate and manage such incursions costing US$ billions each year. Global warming is likely to produce new pests and change the efficacy of biological control agents. Also, much of current worldwide pesticide use is wasted, insect resistance to insecticides is increasing and with increasingly-discriminating consumers in many countries, pesticide residues in food are increasingly not tolerated, nor are the external costs of pesticide use (damage to human health and the environment). Nearly two billion people worldwide are under-nourished and the prospects for the quality of life of a predicted world population growing to nine billion in a few decades are not good. Biological control is an ecosystems service (ES) or nature’s service and is driven by biodiversity. The latter is declining globally at the fastest rate in the history of humanity and with that decline ES are being lost. “Substitution agriculture”, with its dependence on mineral oil for fuel, pesticides and fertilisers is being practised increasingly worldwide to replace lost ES but that is not a sustainable solution. It is vital that we understand more fully the relationship between ES, specifically biological control, and biodiversity, and this is the subject of much current ecological research. Future biological control research must be informed by that scientific debate to minimise the risk of failures in or unexpected consequences of release of biocontrol agents and to understand the ecological mechanisms behind success and failure. It is hoped that this conference has made a significant contribution to moving the science of biological control in those directions for the 21st century. Steve Wratten, Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are very grateful to the following for their help in organising ISBCA III: SCIENTIFIC SESSION ORGANIZING COMMITTEE MEMBERS Session 1: Mark Hoddle (University of California Riverside, California, U.S.A.), and Roy Van Driesche (University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A), Session 2: Jeff Bale (University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, U.K.), Session 3: Nick Mills (University of California Berkeley, California, U.S.A.), and John Kean (AgResearch Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand), Session 4: Tara Dawne Gariepy (University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii, U.S.A.) and Michael Traugott (University of Innsbruck, Austria), Session 5: Jörg Romeis (Agroscope Reckenholz- Tänikon Research Station ART, Zurich, Switzerland) and Tony Shelton (Cornell University Geneva, New York, U.S.A.), Session 6: Tanya Zaviezo (Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile) and Bob Pfannenstiel (United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, BIRU, Weslaco, Texas, U.S.A.), Session 8: Geoff Gurr (Charles Sturt University, Orange, Australia), Mary Gardiner (The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, U.S.A) and Doug Landis (Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A.), Session 9: David Gillespie (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada) and Juan Antonio Sanchez (IMIDA, Murcia, Spain), Session 10: Gerben Messelink (Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, Bleiswijk, The Netherlands) and Leigh Pilkington (NSW Department of Primary Industries, Australia), Session 11: Eric Palevsky (Newe- Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel) and Alberto Urbaneja (Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Valencia, Spain), Session 12: Peter Mason (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) and George Heimpel (University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A), Session 13: Felix Wäckers (Lancaster University, Lancaster, U.K.) and Marco D’Alessandro (University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland), Session 14: Bill Snyder (Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, U.S.A) and Micky Eubanks (Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, U.S.A.), Session 15: James Hagler, (United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Maricopa, Arizona, U.S.A.) and Sarah Mansfield (University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia), Session 16: Mike Furlong (University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia) and Ulli Kuhlmann (CABI Europe - Switzerland, Delémont, Switzerland). SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Members of the Scientific Committee are thanked for providing input into session themes. The Committee: Felix Wäckers, Ulli Kuhlmann, Manuele Tamò (IITA Benin, Cotonou, Benin), Priyadarsanan Dharma Rajan (Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore, India), Steve Wratten (Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand), Mark Hoddle and Tania Zaviezo. REGIONAL ORGANIZERS We thank Regional Organizers for coordinating ISBCA III advertising, soliciting interest in the conference, and for helping with local inquiries about ISBCA III. Regional Coordinators included: Felix Wäckers, Ulli Kuhlmann, Stefan Toepfer IV (CABI, Hodmezovasarhely, Hungary), Jean-Claude Malausa (INRA, Centre de Recherche de Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France), Barbara Ekbom (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden), Malika Bounfour (Techniques et de la Répression des Fraudes, Rabat, Morocco), Christian Borgemeister (ICIPE- African Insect Science for Food and Health, Nairobi, Kenya), Manuele Tamò, Rami Kfir (Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa), Mazen A. Ateyyat (Al- Balqa' Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan), Priyadarsanan Dharma Rajan, Banpot Napompeth (Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand), Fang-Hao Wan (Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China), Geoff Gurr, Steve Wratten,