Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Spring 5-15-2019 Upon This Rock: American Evangelical Spirituality and Jesus Music, 1969-1976 Kathryn Kinney Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the American Studies Commons, Music Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Kinney, Kathryn, "Upon This Rock: American Evangelical Spirituality and Jesus Music, 1969-1976" (2019). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1872. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1872 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of Music Dissertation Examination Committee: Patrick Burke, Chair Todd Decker Darren Dochuk Alexander Stefaniak Paul Steinbeck Upon This Rock: American Evangelical Spirituality and Jesus Music, 1969-1976 by Kathryn Kinney A dissertation presented to The Graduate School of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2019 St. Louis, Missouri © 2019, Kathryn Kinney Table of Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. v List of Musical and Textual Examples .................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................vii Abstract .................................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Historical Background: The Jesus Movement ........................................................................................... 2 Definitions and Frameworks ....................................................................................................................... 7 Historical Background: Christian Entertainment and Worship Music ................................................ 18 Music and Identity ....................................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter Overviews ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 2 Love Offering: How Jesus Music Paid the Price ................................................... 27 What does it profit you? ............................................................................................................................. 28 The American Religious Marketplace ....................................................................................................... 37 Roles of Music ............................................................................................................................................. 46 Follow the Money: Jesus Music and Authority ....................................................................................... 54 Jesus Music and Spirituality ....................................................................................................................... 60 Chapter 3 Feedback Loop: Anti-Rock Criticism and the Rock that Didn’t Roll ................... 63 Sonic Anxiety ............................................................................................................................................... 67 Anti-Rock Criticism in the Jesus Movement Era ................................................................................... 71 “They Just Want to Praise the Lord” ....................................................................................................... 90 Larry Norman .......................................................................................................................................... 91 Love Song ................................................................................................................................................ 98 Chapter 4 The Word Became Flesh: Modeling Spiritual Feeling through Music ................ 104 And They’ll Know We Are Christians by Our Feeling ....................................................................... 106 Andraé Crouch and His Disciples ......................................................................................................... 111 We are One in the Spirit .......................................................................................................................... 117 Made in Hollywood .................................................................................................................................. 118 Go Out Into All the World ..................................................................................................................... 130 ii ...Became flesh and dwelt among us ...................................................................................................... 138 Chapter 5 The Musical Vulgate: The Forms and Functions of Jesus Music Worship ......... 140 Musical Architecture ................................................................................................................................ 146 Experiencing Worship through Pop...................................................................................................... 151 Musical Time and Liturgical Experience ............................................................................................... 153 Divine Design: How Function Follows Form ..................................................................................... 162 The New Spirituality ................................................................................................................................ 166 Spiritual Consumerism............................................................................................................................. 169 Musical Vulgate: A Textual Community ............................................................................................... 172 Chapter 6 Conclusion: It’s Not The Way It Used To Be ...................................................... 174 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 186 Archives ..................................................................................................................................................... 186 Selected Discography ............................................................................................................................... 186 Newspapers, Magazines, Newsletters, and Webpages ........................................................................ 186 Books, Articles, Conference Papers, and Films ................................................................................... 188 iii List of Figures Figure 1: Venn diagram of selected American evangelical music categories. ......................................... 13 Figure 2: Diagram of Christian pop categories ............................................................................................ 14 Figure 3: Promotional posters by Love Productions, c. 1972 ................................................................... 35 Figure 4: Excerpt from the papers of Jesus People International. ........................................................... 45 Figure 5: Clippings from advertising by the Christian World Liberation Front, c. 1971 ...................... 48 Figure 6: Cartoon illustrating “Do the Beatles Beat the Church?,” Christianity Today (1966) ............ 73 Figure 7: Photograph of Chuck Smith and Lonnie Frisbee ................................................................... 100 Figure 8: Front cover of Juicy News no. 11 (November 1975). ............................................................... 131 Figure 9: R. Crumb illustration, The East Village Other 3 no. 43 (September 27, 1968). ..................... 132 Figure 10: Event announcement by Jesus People International ............................................................ 132 Figure 11: Train illustration by by Calvary Temple.................................................................................. 133 Figure 12: Poster issued in the Hollywood Free Paper 1 no. 2 (October 29, 1969). ................................ 142 Figure 13: Screenshot of Calvary Chapel, Costa Mesa crowd, c. 1972 ................................................. 143 Figure 14: Screenshot of I Believe in Miracles television show. ................................................................. 144 Figure 15: Screenshot of Explo ’72 crowd. ............................................................................................... 145 Figure 16: Diagram of imagined conventional