Index A B Adaptive evolution Badlands National Park , 38 climate change , 134 Behavioral intentions , 416–417 heritable traits , 134 Beliefs about exotic annual grasses , 412–413 management implications , 147 Beliefs, human dimensions neutral genetic variation , 139–141 beliefs about exotic invasive plants , new genotypes , 134 412–413 research , 148–149 and management options , 412–413 Adaptive management , 438 , 444 , 453 Benefi t-cost ratios , 431 , 433 , 434 , 444 , Adaptive management framework 445 , 449 biophysical system , 345 Bio-economic modeling evaluation , 348–350 analyze management issues , 434 feedback loop , 345 biological invasions , 434 management goals and restoration catastrophic wildfi re , 432 strategies , 345 decision-maker , 431 planning , 346–348 decision-maker’s objective function , 432 Agate Fossil Beds National Monument , 38–40 design , 434 AIM . See Assessment, inventory and and dynamic , 433 monitoring (AIM) strategy individual (or fi rm) whose primary Albedo , 74 , 75 concern , 431 Allelic richness , 122 , 125 management , 434 Allozymes (enzyme electrophoresis) , 104 market rate of interest , 433 Alternative stable states , 439 mathematical relationships , 432 Annual grass and tree invasion disturbances , 402 objective function , 432 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) , 82 private decision-makers , 431 Asian Carp Prevention and Control Act of private decision-making models , 431 , 432 2010 , 418 public decision-makers , 431 Assessment, inventory and monitoring (AIM) public-good nature , 431 strategy , 360 risk-averse decision-maker , 433 Attitudes risk-averse ranchers , 433 change strategies , 411 , 415–416 risk-neutral decision-maker , 433 expressions of people’s values and beliefs , 411 social rate of time preference , 433 toward invasive plants , 413–415 trade-offs , 434 toward management options , 413–415 uncertainty and risk , 432 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 457 M.J. Germino et al. (eds.), Exotic Brome-Grasses in Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems of the Western US, Springer Series on Environmental Management, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-24930-8 458 Index Bio-economic models Bromus rubens , 16 , 17 , 156 , 170 , 176 , 180 , development , 430 184 , 185 , 263 , 343 , 410 , 411 , 419 , simulation and optimization , 430 420 , 425 Biological crusts , 291–292 Bromus scoparius , 184 Biological invasions Bromus secalinus , 171 , 176 and communities , 107 Bromus sericeus , 183 , 184 post-immigration evolution , 108 Bromus squarrosus , 184 preadaptation , 108 Bromus sterilis , 184 propagule pressure , 107 , 108 Bromus tectorum , 16 , 156 , 157 , 170 , 172 , 176 , Blackbrush shrubland , 18 180 , 183–185 , 293 , 343–344 , 390 , Bleach blonde syndrome , 214 391 , 393 , 410–412 , 414 , 415 , BLM . See Bureau of Land Management (BLM) 418–420 , 423 , 425 Boissiera , 157 , 158 abiotic factors , 195 Bromeae , 157 A. tridentata spp. vaseyana model , 389 , Bromopsis , 157 , 163 , 165 , 171 , 173 , 394 , 395 176–178 , 184 A. tridentata spp. wyomingensis , 394 , 396 Bromus alopecurus , 184 Beetle (mountain big sagebrush) , 388 Bromus andringitrensis , 163 bleach blonde syndrome , 217 Bromus arenarius , 184 climate change , 388 , 394 , 397 Bromus arvensis , 16 , 180 , 184 , 185 , 342–343 colonize bare soil , 218 Bromus auleticus , 171 , 178 cyclic succession , 195 Bromus benekenii , 171 die-off/stand failure , 195 Bromus berteroanus , 184 dispersal and lose dormancy , 194 Bromus biebersteinii , 178 ecological processes Bromus briziformis , 184 CO2 levels , 391 Bromus carinatus , 180 fertilization , 393 Bromus catharticus , 171 , 178 , 184 forcing factors , 391 Bromus cebadilla , 184 future time series replicates , 391 Bromus commutatus , 184 GCM , 391 Bromus danthoniae , 184 invasive annual grass and tree Bromus diandrus , 172 , 176 , 184 , 342 expansion , 393 Bromus diandrus Roth (ripgut brome) , 16 PDSI , 393 Bromus erectus , 171 , 178 , 184 shrubland–woodland , 393 Bromus fasciculatus , 183 spatial averaging methods , 391 Bromus grossus , 171 STSMs , 393 Bromus hordeaceus , 171 , 172 , 180 , 184 , 185 , temporal multipliers , 390 341–342 ecological systems , 388 Bromus hordeaceus L. (soft brome) , 16 environmental tolerance , 137–138 Bromus inermis , 171 , 178 , 183–185 , 419 , 420 , environmental values , 388 423 , 425 Epicoccum , 219 Bromus interruptus , 171 epidemic disease , 220 Bromus japonicus , 16 , 171 , 184 , 185 fall seed bank densities , 194 Bromus lanceolatus , 184 fl orets , 194 Bromus lepidus , 172 , 184 fungal pathogens , 194 Bromus madritensis , 17 , 184 fungistasis , 218 Bromus madritensis L. (compact brome) , 16 GCMs and MC1 , 397 Bromus marginatus , 180 genetic analyses , 140 Bromus mollis (syn. of Bromus hordeaceus ) , 180 genetic variation , 135 Bromus pectinatus , 184 germinating seeds/preemergent Bromus pumpellianus , 171 , 178 seedlings , 195 Bromus racemosus , 184 global circulation models , 389 Bromus ramosus , 171 granivores , 194 Bromus rigidus , 184 habitats , 135 Bromus riparius , 171 , 178 ILAP , 397 Index 459 investigations , 218 monitoring , 360 landscape-level approach , 220 revegetation , 355 life cyle , 216 treatment outcomes , 352 litter dynamics , 218 wildlife and native plant communities , 355 management implications , 219–220 Bromus tectorum ssp. lucidus microenvironmental factors , 220 (syn. of Bromus sericeus ) , 183 monocultures , 194 Bromus texensis , 165 multiple research approaches , 218 Bromus trinii , 184 mycoherbicidal biocontrol , 219 budget , 432 , 443 , 444 , 447 NEPA , 388 Bullae/bunts , 202 Path Landscape Model (Path) software , 389 Bureau of Land Management (BLM) , pathogens , 216 , 217 316 , 418 productivity , 194 range shifts , 390 , 397 reciprocal transplant studies , 135 C remote sensing data , 394 Calcium (Ca) , 81 , 82 restoration tool , 195 Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration , 145 seedling emergence , 194 C: N ratios , 145 soilborne pathogens , 194 environmental conditions , 144 soil moisture , 397 phenology , 145 state-and-transition models , 389 precipitation , 146 STM transitions , 394 warming-induced changes , 145 top-down and bottom-up approach , 397 water availability , 146 vegetation classes , 394 Carbon sequestration , 76 winter annual grass , 134 Cation-exchange capacity (CEC) , 245 winterkill , 195 Cattle prices , 436 , 440 , 450 B. tectorum in North America , 108 CEC . See Cation-exchange capacity (CEC) distribution , 110 Centrocercus urophasianus Bonaparte , 3 distribution of MLGs , 109 Ceratochloa , 157 , 163–165 , 171 , 174 , 177 , Eastern US populations , 109 178 , 184 genetic diversity , 109 Cercocarpus ledifolius , 135 herbarium specimens , 109 , 113 , 120 Chloroplast spacer regions trnT - trnL and history and the concatenation , 109 trnL - trnF , 102 Lancaster County, Pennsylvania , 109 Cleistogamous fl owers , 104 MCG , 109 , 110 (see Most common Climate change , 262 , 263 genotype (MCG) ) adaptive management practices , 270 MLGs , 112 (see Multilocus genotypes anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions , (MLGs) ) 258 , 259 multiple introductions , 109 , 117 , 121 , 122 Bromus , 258 , 262 60 populations , 112 B. tectorum and B. rubens , 267 , 269 B. tectorum L. CO2 concentration , 259 invasion , 100 ecological responses , 143 Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass or downy ecosystems , 260–262 brome) , 434 , 442 emissions , 259 B. tectorum research expansion/contraction , 259 assess , 356–357 experimental and modeling , 271 BLM approach , 356 fall/spring precipitation burning , 353–354 B. tectorum , 262 “command and control” approach , 356 El Niño events , 263 defoliation , 354 germination and growth , 263 design , 357–359 global change factors , 263 herbicide application , 354–355 IPCC , 263 implementation , 358 , 359 sagebrush steppe ecosystems , 262 literature review , 350–352 seasonal congruence , 263 460 Index Climate change ( cont.) Collaborative management semiarid ecosystems , 262 build trust , 425 , 426 snowmelt/spring rains , 262 citizen-driven , 421 wet winter/spring conditions , 262 and education programs , 410 GAP analysis plots , 267 emergence of multiparty , 424 global change manipulations , 144 exotic plant management , 420 IPCC , 259 forming and maintaining , 425 management implications , 270 land management issues , 420 models projections , 267 Common garden , 135 , 149 native and invasive plants , 258 Communication , 448 phenology , 258 Community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) , 240 physiological tolerances , 258 Computer simulation models , 441–443 PRISM , 267 Conceptual models , 376 , 377 propagules , 258 Cool-season grasses , 38 radiative forcing , 259 Cool-season species , 38 regional species distribution modeling , 264 Coordination representative concentration pathway/ exotic annual invasive grass management , RCP4.5 , 259 447–448 research needs , 271 and incentives , 450 season precipitation , 268–270 Cost-effective , 436 , 444–447 , 449 , 452 soil moisture , 260 Cost minimization models , 436 species persistence , 143 Cost-minimizing strategy , 435 substantial infl uence , 143 Cost-sharing across institutions , 424 summer precipitation , 263 , 264 Cost-sharing programs , 448 temperature and precipitation , 258 Creosote bush communities , 21 warmer temperatures , 258 Creosote bush scrub , 18 , 19 water stress , 259 Cropland Winter and spring temperatures , 266–267 homestead laws , 315 winter precipitation , 266 roadsides, ditches and fi eld margins , 316 Climatic regimes technological improvements , 315 native ecosystems , 2 Crusts CMAQ . See Community Multiscale Air biotic crust microsites , 63 Quality (CMAQ)