People of the Poudre An Ethnohistory of the Cache la Poudre River National Heritage Area, AD 1500 – 1880 Lucy Burris For the Poudre Heritage Alliance, Larimer County, Colorado Chapter Title Placeholder Engraving of Chief Friday from 1880. (Published in Harper’s Monthly, March 1880, p. 492, Denver Public Library Photographic Collection). People of the Poudre Table of Contents Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... 3 List of Figures ............................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables ................................................................................................................ 6 Preface .......................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1 - Geophysical Setting ................................................................................. 15 Colorado Piedmont ............................................................................................................................5 Climate .................................................................................................................................................7 Flora and Fauna ...................................................................................................................................9 River Appearance ................................................................................................................................ Chapter 2 - Before Coronado ...................................................................................... 27 Cultural Context .................................................................................................................................7 Paleoindian-Archaic-Ceramic Stages ...............................................................................................9 Larimer and Weld County Sites ....................................................................................................... Paleoindian Sites .................................................................................................................................5 Archaic Sites ........................................................................................................................................7 Late Prehistoric Sites ..........................................................................................................................9 Protohistoric Sites ..............................................................................................................................40 Chapter 3- Protohistoric and Historic Stages ............................................................. 43 Protohistoric Issues ............................................................................................................................4 Northern Colorado Cultural Groups ...............................................................................................46 Dismal River Apache - Kiowa Apache .............................................................................................47 Kiowa ...................................................................................................................................................47 Comanche ............................................................................................................................................48 Arapaho ...............................................................................................................................................49 Cheyenne .............................................................................................................................................49 Pawnee .................................................................................................................................................50 Sioux .....................................................................................................................................................50 Ute .....................................................................................................................................................5 Shoshone..............................................................................................................................................5 Euroamerican ......................................................................................................................................5 Geographic Issues ...............................................................................................................................54 Chapter 4 - Historic Records ...................................................................................... 59 Images ..................................................................................................................................................6 Written Accounts ...............................................................................................................................65 Chief Friday .........................................................................................................................................65 Chief Left Hand .................................................................................................................................69 Others ..................................................................................................................................................70 Chapter 5 - Resource Use ........................................................................................... 79 Native Plants .......................................................................................................................................79 Bison .....................................................................................................................................................84 Chapter 6 - Euroamerican Impacts ............................................................................. 87 Trade ....................................................................................................................................................88 Horses ..................................................................................................................................................9 Disease .................................................................................................................................................96 Bison Eradication ................................................................................................................................98 Chapter Title Placeholder Chapter 7 - Analysis and Conclusions .......................................................................105 Appendix - Archaeological survey details .................................................................111 Glossary....................................................................................................................124 References Cited .......................................................................................................130 Published Sources .....................................................................................................130 Newspapers and Magazines ......................................................................................140 Maps and Illustrations ..............................................................................................140 Figure Captions ........................................................................................................143 SB List ......................................................................................................................144 List of Figures <Fig >Figure . Relief map of present day Colorado ....................................................................7 <Fig > Figure . Cache la Poudre River Heritage Area .................................................................7 <Fig > Figure . Geophysical areas of northeastern Colorado ..................................................6 <Fig 4a> Figure 4a. “Laporte on Cache la Poudre River, Colorado .............................................5 <Fig 4b> Looking into the Valley of the Cache la [Poudre] .........................................................5 <Fig 4c> Foothills of the Rocky Mountains at Cache la Poudre ..................................................5 <Fig 4d> Looking toward Cache La Poudre...................................................................................5 <Fig 5> Stone ring near Soapstone Springs .................................................................................... <Fig 6> Figure 6. Lithic projectile point styles .............................................................................. <Fig 7> Figure 7. Location of culture and ethnic groups .............................................................44 <Fig 8a > Figure 8a (top) and b (bottom). Maps from 80 (du Lac) and 805 (King) ........................................................................................................58 <Fig 8c> Figure 8c and d. Maps from 8 (Long), 85 (Dodge - Steen) ..............................58 <Fig 8e> Figure 8e and f. Maps from 845