Frank Hermann Analysis and Optimization of Visual Enterprise Models Based on Graph and Model Transformation Universitatsverlag¨ der TU Berlin ISBN 978-3-7983-2321-6 (Druckausgabe) ISBN 978-3-7983-2322-3 (Online-Version) Berlin 2011 ∞∞∞ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem alterungsbeständigem Papier Druck/ Endformat, Ges. für gute Druckerzeugnisse mbH Printing: Köpenicker Str. 187-188, 10997 Berlin Verlag/ Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin Publisher: Universitätsbibliothek Fasanenstr. 88 (im VOLKSWAGEN-Haus), D-10623 Berlin Tel.: (030)314-76131; Fax.: (030)314-76133 E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.univerlag.tu-berlin.de Analysis and Optimization of Visual Enterprise Models Based on Graph and Model Transformation vorgelegt von Diplom-Informatiker Frank Hermann aus Luckenwalde Von der Fakultat¨ IV - Informatik und Elektrotechnik der Technischen Universitat¨ Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften Dr.-Ing. genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Bernd Mahr Berichter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Hartmut Ehrig Berichterin: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Barbara Konig¨ Berichter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Thomas Engel Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 10. 02. 2011 Berlin 2011 D 83 iii Abstract Security, risk and compliance are increasingly important issues in enterprise modelling. An analysis of real world scenarios for banking has shown that today’s “best practices” based on informal techniques are insufficient and should be replaced by adequate formal approaches. For this purpose, visual enterprise models based on algebraic graph and model transformation are proposed in this thesis, where the following two typical problem areas are considered: 1. Behaviour Analysis and Optimization of Visual Enterprise Process Models 2. Conformance Analysis of Enterprise Process and Service Models The first problem is solved by new concepts and results concerning behaviour analysis of visual languages, especially analysis of permutation equivalence of graph transformations based on Petri nets. In order to tackle the second problem area, model transformations based on triple graph grammars are introduced with new results concerning analysis and optimization enabling automated support for sound integration and conformance checks between different models. The new results in the area of graph and model transformation are developed in the gen- eral framework of M-adhesive transformation systems. They can be instantiated to a large variety of high-level replacement systems and applied not only to enterprise modelling, but also to several other application domains. Last but not least, the new tool AGT-M provides automated tool support for simulation, analysis and optimization in various case studies. iv Zusammenfassung Sicherheit, Risikomanagement sowie Regelkonformitat¨ sind von wachsender Bedeutung im Bereich der Unternehmens-Modellierung. In einer Analyse von realen Szenarien im Bankenbereich wurde deutlich, dass heutige ”‘Best Practices”’, die auf informellen Tech- niken basieren, nicht ausreichen und durch adaquate¨ formale Techniken ersetzt werden sollten. Zu diesem Zweck schlagen wir die visuelle Modellierung von Unternehmen basierend auf algebraischer Graph- und Modelltransformation vor, wobei die beiden fol- genden typischen Problemfelder betrachtet werden: 1. Verhaltensanalyse und Optimierung von visuellen betriebswirtschaftlichen Prozess- Modellen 2. Konformitatsanalyse¨ zwischen betriebswirtschaftlichen Prozess- und Organisations- Modellen Das erste Problem wird mit Hilfe neuer Konzepte und Resultate bezuglich¨ der Ver- haltensanalyse von visuellen sprachen gelost,¨ insbesondere mit Hilfe der Analyse von Permutations-Aquivalenz¨ von Graphtransformationen basierend auf Petrinetzen. Zur Be- handlung des zweiten Problembereichs werden Modelltransformationen basierend auf Triple-Graphgrammatiken inklusive neuer Resultate fur¨ die Analyse und Optimierung vorgestellt, was eine automatisierte Unterstutzung¨ einer konsistenten Integration sowie Konformitats¨ uberpr¨ ufung¨ zwischen den Modellen ermoglicht.¨ Die neuen Resultate im Bereich der Graph- und Modelltransformation werden in dem allgemeinen Rahmenwerk der M-adhesiven Transformationssysteme entwickelt. Sie konnen¨ somit fur¨ zahlreiche High-Level-Ersetzungssysteme instanziiert werden und demzufolge nicht nur im Bereich der Unternehmensmodellierung sondern auch in diversen anderen Anwendungsdomanen¨ eingesetzt werden. Zudem bietet die neue Software AGT-M eine automatisierte Werkzeugunterstutzung¨ fur¨ die Simulation, Analyse und Optimierung in verschiedenen Fallstudien. v Acknowledgements The research for this thesis has been carried out at the institute for Theoretical Com- puter Science and Software Engineering at the Berlin Institute of Technology (Technische Universitat¨ Berlin) in Germany and partly at the university of Pisa (Universita` di Pisa) in Italy as well as at the technical university in Barcelona (UPC - Universitat Politecnica` de Catalunya) in Spain. For his highly valuable, enthusiastic, and motivating support during the supervision of my research, I would like to thank Hartmut Ehrig. He introduced me to the field of graph and model transformation with its extensive formal foundations and powerful capabilities for many application domains. During my studies, I highly enjoyed the fruitful discussions, interesting projects and joint contributions to the international scientific community. For all their valuable support and the fruitful cooperation in joint work for several inter- esting conferences and workshops, I would also like to thank my co-supervisors Barbara Konig¨ and Thomas Engel. For the interesting as well as enlightening discussions and for the highly successful joint work, I would like to thank Andrea Corradini and Fernando Orejas, who additionally supported my international stays at University of Pisa and UPC Barcelona. Finally, I would like to sincerely thank all my colleagues for the inspiring time, the fruitful discussions and the highly successful cooperation. vi Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Visual Enterprise Modelling 11 3 Behaviour Analysis of Visual Languages Based on Graph Transformation 19 3.1 Specification of Visual Languages Based on Graph Transformation . 20 3.2 Behaviour Analysis Based on Switch and Permutation Equivalence . 32 3.3 Interleaving Semantics of M-adhesive Transformation Systems . 40 3.4 Analysis of Permutation Equivalence Based on Subobject Transformation Systems . 54 3.5 Analysis of Permutation Equivalence Based on Petri Nets . 64 4 Behaviour Analysis and Optimization of Visual Enterprise Process Models 73 4.1 Business Process Modelling . 74 4.1.1 Event Driven Process Chains . 74 4.1.2 Business Continuity Management . 78 4.1.3 Problems of Business Process Modelling . 81 4.2 Operational Semantics and Analysis of Business Process Models . 83 4.2.1 Operational Semantics Based on Graph Transformation . 83 4.2.2 Equivalent Runs . 92 4.3 Modification and Optimization . 95 4.3.1 Generation of Valid Process Variants and Continuity Processes . 96 4.3.2 Summary of the Solution . 98 5 Model Transformation Based on Triple Graph Grammars 101 5.1 Concepts and Characteristics . 102 5.1.1 Model Transformation Based on Forward Rules . 103 5.1.2 Model Transformation Based on Forward Translation Rules . 120 5.2 Analysis . 129 5.2.1 Correctness, Completeness and Termination . 130 5.2.2 Functional Behaviour and Information Preservation . 137 5.3 Optimization and Evaluation . 155 5.3.1 Detection, Reduction and Elimination of Conflicts . 156 5.3.2 Reduction and Elimination of Backtracking . 161 5.3.3 Evaluation of the Approach . 166 6 Conformance Analysis of Enterprise Process and Service Models 169 6.1 Business Service Modelling . 170 6.2 Model Transformation: Business Process to Business Service Models . 172 6.3 Analysing Conformance of Business Process to Business Service Models . 180 6.4 Optimization of Conformance Analysis . 187 7 Prototypical Tool Support: AGT-M 191 7.1 AGT-M: Algebraic Graph Transformation Based on Wolfram Mathematica 191 7.2 Comparison of AGT-M with other Tools for Behaviour Analysis of Graph Transformation Systems . 193 7.3 Comparison of AGT-M with other Tools for Model Transformation . 194 8 Related Work 197 8.1 Process Analysis of Graph Transformation Systems . 197 8.2 Reconfiguration in Business Continuity Management . 199 8.3 Model Transformation . 201 8.4 Consistency Analysis of Heterogeneous Models . 202 9 Conclusion and Future Work 205 9.1 Summary of Theoretical Results . 205 9.2 Summary of Results for Visual Enterprise Modelling . 209 9.3 Relevance for Model Driven Software Development . 211 9.4 Future Work . 214 Bibliography 217 Index 232 Chapter 1 Introduction Visual modelling is a fundamental and important concept in a large variety of research areas, such as architecture, biology, and computer science. The visual models are used in these fields to provide a suitable abstraction of the modelled objects. Based on these abstractions, the involved persons can obtain a comprehensive overview of the modelled systems and artefacts, which additionally requires a common understanding of the visual notation. Depending on the underlying modelling concepts, the analysis of models with respect to certain specified requirements and criteria can be supported by automated and verified techniques. However, visual modelling techniques often do not provide these capa- bilities. The main reason is that their human-centric notation is usually not equipped with an underlying formal notation,