Slide 1 History of Music Slide 2 Medieval Gregorian Chant Only “perfect harmonies”; no instruments Music is mainly religious in tone Slide 3 Renaissance (1400-1600) Instruments and harmonies added Music starts to become less religious in tone Example, Greensleeves Slide 4 Baroque (1600-1750) Lively music, not centered on religion Harmonies grew to be more involved Still centered upon the melodic lines Style: Separate Introduces: the concerto grosso and the sonata Slide 5 Notable Composers – Baroque (1600-1750) J. Pachelbel b. August 30, 1653. d. March 3, 1706 German organist & composer of Protestant church music Studied Austrian and Italian music in Vienna Gave us one of the most recognized tunes: Canon in D Slide 6 Notable Composers – Baroque (1600-1750) A. Vivaldi 1678 - 1741 Ordained a priest but devoted his life to music Helped create a new lively “baroque” sound Loved to tell a story with music: The Four Seasons – Spring Winter Slide 7 Notable Composers – Baroque (1600-1750) J.S. Bach 1685-1750 Considered the greatest of the German baroque composers, introducing counterpoint and fugue Consistently had trouble with his employers Married twice and was devoted to his 20 children Loved to write music for fun as well as for the church Wrote hundreds of pieces: Brandenburg Concerti Slide 8 Classical (1750-1830) Chord centered Orderly, emphasized formal, unified beauty Style: Crisp and Clear (well defined) Introduces: the mass symphonies Slide 9 Notable Composers – Classical (1750-1830) W.A. Mozart 1756-1791 (born in Salzburg, lived in Vienna) Famed as a child performer and composer by the age of 6 Never attended school Struggled and fought with employers, was poor Poor health, died before age 36 Absolutely prolific, left over 600 pieces of music Eine Kleine Nachtmusik Slide 10 Notable Composers – Classical (1750-1830) L. Beethoven 1770-1827 Powerful German composer who moved to Vienna Many tragedies in his life and in pursuing his career. Loss of hearing in his twenties affected personality Nonetheless, his work won new freedom and independence for composers. Ode to Joy, 5th Symphony , 9th Symphony Für Elise Slide 11 Romantic (1830-1900) Emotional, pictorial Cultural overtones are found in the compositions Smooth, flowing, sweet, with less distinction Introduces: Program music Slide 12 Notable Composers – Romantic (1830-1900) Richard Wagner 1813-1883 German composer who wrote passionate operas Based work on great moments in history and myth The ring of Nibelung and Tristan Ride of the Valkyries Slide 13 Notable Composers – Romantic (1830-1900) Brahms 1833-1897 (Moved from Hamburg to Vienna) Poor, learned from parents Gifted German musician and pianist who brought us the Lullaby Slide 14 Notable Composers – Romantic (1830-1900) Johann Strauss, Jr 1825-1899 Waltz King of Vienna Incredible family of musicians On the Beautiful, Blue Danube Slide 15 Notable Composers – Romantic (1830-1900) Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky May 7, 1840 -November 6, 1893 He wrote music which was distinctly Russian: plangent, introspective, with modally- inflected melody and harmony. Nutcracker Swan Lake Slide 16 Impressionism Very complex in nature Melody is distributed through the orchestra with more and more complexity added each time Style: freedom, no set guidelines Notable Composers: Mahler (Symphony in D major) Faure Mussorsky (Pictures on Exhibition) Slide 17 Gustav Mahler Born: May 7, 1860 – Kaliste, Bohemia Died: May 18, 1911 – Vienna he was noted as a great perfectionist “hyper emotional” symphonies & sound His innovations include melodies with far reaching implications for harmony, expressive use of combinations of instruments, in both the large and small scale, larger percussion sections, as well as combining voice and chorus in the symphony form, and more extreme voice leading in his counterpoint. “Von Der Schonheit” All info copied from: http://www.pianoparadise.com/mahler.html Slide 18 Contemporary (1900 - Eclectic; neo-classicism 12 tone composing Slide 19 Notable Composers – Contemporary (1900 - ) Stravinsky 1898-1937 Russian born and trained Studied law but gave it up to write compositions Began innovations in music: The Rite of Spring, The Firebird Moved first to France, then to U.S. Slide 20 Jazz 1900’s- A smorgasbord of African rhythms and Western Harmonies Early 1920’s- jazz signified most kinds of American popular music. Since then- jazz tends to indicate a tradition in Afro-American music that began as folk music in the South and developed gradually into sophisticated modern art. Express strong emotions, and characteristics using triplets and syncopation. Slide 21 Benny Goodman Birth: May 30, 1909 in Chicago Death: June 13, 1986 in New York City, "King of Swing" and "The Professor" Occupation: Band leader, clarinetist Had several top 10 songs in the 30’s & 40’s Sing, Sing, Sing He is also a large part of the Swing movement Slide 22 Louis Armstrong Born: August 4, 1901 Died: July 6, 1971 Nicknames: Satchmo and pops played the trumpet one of the first African Americans to break the color barrier What a Wonderful World Ain’t Misbehavin Slide 23 Duke Ellington 1899-1974 Duke Ellington “Take the A Train” Listen to the trumpets make the train whistle Long career into the 1970’s Wrote over 1000 pieces Considered by many to be the most multi-talented composer and arranger Music covered blues, gospel, film scores Earned 12 Grammy Awards Earned a Pulitzer Prize Award After his Death "He is widely considered one of the most influential figures in jazz, if not in all American music and is the twentieth century's best known band leaders and composers.” (Duke Ellington Official Website) Slide 24 Miles Davis 1926 –1991 Fused Jazz & Rock Part of the “Cool” jazz movement Fusion jazz includes the use of electric instruments Experimented with texture & tone of music Inducted into Rock n’ Roll Hall of Fame in 2006 Moon Dreams Slide 25 Harry Connick Jr. Fused Jazz & Classical Piano & vocals 2 Grammy’s and multi- platinum records Also a successful actor Once Slide 26 Folk Music Slide 27 Woody Guthrie- Folk Music Bio- 1912-1967 Tragic Childhood- Sister dies in fire, mother has breakdown Oklahoma Musical family Father lost real estate business Left wife and child to wander Listened to radio- heard the suffering Anti-war (Son Arlo Guthrie- wrote preeminent anti-war song Alice’s Restaurant) Pro-labor- sang at rallies and is associated w/ communists Rode the rails Used blues rhythms Dies of Huntington’s Disease Slide 28 Woody Guthrie- Folk Music Impact Music can be used as commentary on life Music as political protest Bob Dylan Arlo Guthrie protesting the Vietnam War with Alice’s Restaurant Encouraged his social protest themes- Common people Influenced the anti-war protests of the 60’s & 70’s Influenced other balladeers such as Springsteen Music can give people a voice Capture the emotions and history of the time Slide 29 Woody Guthrie- Folk Music Famous Works- Documents the Depression “Do Re Mi ”- Dustbowl commentary “I ain’t got no home ” “House of the rising sun ” “This land is your land ” Workingman’s response to Irving Berlin’s “God Bless America” “Tom Joad ” - Ballad “Pretty Boy Floyd ”-Ballad to outlaw Slide 30 Huddie Ledbetter (Leadbelly) Bio- 1888-1945 Shreveport, La. Famous cotton picker Went to prison twice for murder and attempted murder- assoc. with other men’s wives Released by gov. of N.Y. for a song Dr. John Lomax (under a grant from the WPA) visited and recorded him in prison Dies from Lou Gehrig’s Disease Slide 31 Huddie Ledbetter (Leadbelly) Impact 12 String guitar lasting impact on early rock artist such as Elvis and the Beatles, Stones and the Yardbirds Slide 32 Huddie Ledbetter (Leadbelly) Famous Works “Rock Island Line ” “Midnight Special ” Later re-recorded by CCR “Alberta ” Re-recorded by Eric Clapton as well as “Goodnight Irene” Slide 33 Bob Dylan b. 1941 Wrote protest songs about nuclear war, civil rights, racism, and power of the military Rough guitar playing & harmonica gave a “bite” to the music Constantly changing his musical form Blowin’ in the Wind Slide 34 Swing Slide 35 Characteristics of Swing 1930’s – Big Band creates big sound Common phrasing Smooth notes often connected or slurred 3 beats for every two to the measure- Jazz Less improvisation AABA- 32 measure patterns Repetition Instruments included- Trumpet, clarinet, sax, and rhythm from the bass, drums and piano Saved the record industry because of the upbeat positive songs Danceable, singable, memorable Slide 36 Count Basie 1904-1984 Stride Pianist and band leader Kansas City influence by the Blues Came to NY in 1937 and brought a new type of swing Great eye for talent Lots of improvisation solos Less is more- minimalist- play a couple of notes & then move about the audience “Jumpin’ at the Woodside ” Slide 37 Glen Miller 1904-1944 Glenn Miller Big during WWII Played for the troops Arranged for the Dorsey Brothers Featured on the Radio with the Andrew Sisters “In the Mood ” Plane disappeared over the English channel on a USO trip in1944 Slide 38 Tommy Dorsey The Sentimental Gentleman of Swing Known perfectionist Trumpet & trombone National Radio Show Mostly white band Had 17 Number 1 Hits-"On Treasure Island" “Opus 1 ” ( not a # 1 Hit) Slide 39 Composers of America Slide 40 Aaron Copland Nov. 14,1900-Dec. 12, 1990 American who integrated many styles and forms Brought jazz and folk music to screen- Rodeo Appalachian Spring won a Pulitzer Prize and New York Music Critiques Award Impact 1st great American classical composer in a true American fashion Great teacher- Leonard Bernstein (Westside Story) was his most famous student Slide 41 Aaron Copland Famous Works “Fanfare for the Common Man ”- WPA “Appalachian Springs ”- Ballet “Rodeo- Hoe down ”- Ballet Slide 42 George Gershwin Sept. 26,1898-July 11, 1937 American who began writing popular songs at 15 Brought “classical” jazz to the orchestra: Rhapsody in Blue ( internationally famous).