Education Global Practice Middle East and North Africa Region Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized LEBANON Education Public Expenditure Review 2017 Task Team Leader: Husein Abdul-Hamid Team members: Haneen Ismail Sayed, Dima Krayem, Joey R Ghaleb Public Disclosure Authorized LEBANON Education Public Expenditure Review 2017 Education Global Practice Middle East and North Africa Region Task Team Leader: Husein Abdul-Hamid Team members: Haneen Ismail Sayed, Dima Krayem, Joey R Ghaleb Table of Contents Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Figures............................................................................................................................. 4 Table of Tables .............................................................................................................................. 6 Glossary ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction: Country Context ................................................................................................. 15 Structure of the Educational System......................................................................................... 18 Enrollments Trends: Access to Schooling and Internal Efficiency ........................................ 20 Basic and Secondary Education ................................................................................................ 20 Technical and Vocational Education......................................................................................... 22 Higher Education....................................................................................................................... 22 The Syrian Effect ...................................................................................................................... 24 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 25 Public Spending on Education: Size, Composition, and Trends in Government Spending 26 Teachers as the Largest Share of Government Expenditure .................................................. 30 Teacher Grades and Qualification Levels ................................................................................. 30 Teacher Workload and Efficiencies .......................................................................................... 33 Teacher Salaries ........................................................................................................................ 37 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 39 Education Quality and Outcomes ............................................................................................. 40 National and International Assessments ................................................................................... 40 Factors affecting Learning ........................................................................................................ 44 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 49 Access, Equity, and Inclusion .................................................................................................... 50 Gender Equity ........................................................................................................................... 50 Wealth Inequity ......................................................................................................................... 52 Engaging the Private Sector ...................................................................................................... 55 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 58 Data and Public Financial Management .................................................................................. 59 The Institutional Framework and Capacities ............................................................................ 59 Strategic Planning ..................................................................................................................... 60 Budget Formulation................................................................................................................... 60 Budget Implementation ............................................................................................................. 63 Audit, Monitoring, and Evaluation ........................................................................................... 64 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 66 Policy Recommendations............................................................................................................ 67 Enhancing Education Efficiencies ............................................................................................ 67 Improving Public Finance Management ................................................................................... 69 Institutional and Capacities ....................................................................................................... 69 Strategic Planning ....................................................................................................................... 69 Budget Formulation .................................................................................................................... 69 Budget Implementation .............................................................................................................. 69 Audit and M&E........................................................................................................................... 69 References .................................................................................................................................... 73 Annex 1: Data Sources................................................................................................................ 74 Annex 2: Primary Civil Servant Teacher’s Salary (as Percentage of GDP per Capita), Detailed ........................................................................................................................................ 75 Annex 3: Secondary Civil Servant Teacher’s Salary (as Percentage of GDP per Capita), Detailed ........................................................................................................................................ 76 Annex 3: Salary Cost per Student of Permanent Teachers .................................................... 77 Annex 4: Trends in Education Spending .................................................................................. 78 ....................................................................................................................................................... 80 Table of Figures Figure 1. Fluctuations in the Annual GDP Growth Rate Due to Political Upheavals ...................... Figure 2. Poverty Rate across Regions ......................................................................................... 16 Figure 3. Poverty Rate by Education Level of Population Aged 22 or More ............................... 16 Figure 4. Employment Rate, by Age and Gender ............................................................................. Figure 5. Organizational Structure .................................................................................................... Figure 6. Distribution of Private/Public Schools, by Level of Education ........................................ Figure 7. Net Enrollment Rates (2006–13) ................................................................................... 21 Figure 8. Completion Rates (2005–13) ......................................................................................... 21 Figure 9: Enrollment in Technical and Vocational Education, by Type of Certificate (2012–13) . Figure 10: MENA Tertiary Education GER ................................................................................. 23 Figure 11: Tertiary Education GER in Comparator Countries ..................................................... 23 Figure 12. Trend in Syrian Enrollment over Time (First Shift Schools) ...................................... 24 Figure 13. Number of Syrians in First Shift Public Schools ........................................................ 24 Figure 14. Breakdown of Increase in First Shift per Student Cost ................................................... Figure 15. GDP per Capita versus Education Expenditure............................................................... Figure 16. Public Share Enrollment and Education Expenditure of Upper Middle-Income Countries ........................................................................................................................................... Figure 17. Distribution of Teachers, by Grade (2014)...................................................................... Figure 18: Trend in Teacher