Scholars' Mine Doctoral Dissertations Student Theses and Dissertations 2016 Wetting kinetics in forced spreading Amer Mohammad Al-Shareef Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations Part of the Petroleum Engineering Commons Department: Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Recommended Citation Al-Shareef, Amer Mohammad, "Wetting kinetics in forced spreading" (2016). Doctoral Dissertations. 2612. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/2612 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WETTING KINETICS IN FORCED SPREADING by AMER MOHAMMAD AL-SHAREEF A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the MISSOURI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2015 Approved by Parthasakha Neogi, Advisor Muthanna H. Al-Dahhan Baojun Bai Gearoid Mac Sithigh Joontaek Park 2016 Amer Mohammad Al-Shareef All Rights Reserved iii PUBLICATION DISSERTATION OPTION This dissertation has been prepared according to the format and style used by Missouri University of Science and Technology. It consists of the following articles that have been submitted for publication as following: Pages 18 to 37 “Force based dynamic contact angles and wetting kinetics on a Wilhelmy plate“. It has been accepted and published in Chemical Engineering Science Journal. Pages 38 to 74 “Wetting kinetics of polymer solution and force based contact angles“. It is under journal review. Pages 75 to 107 “Dynamic contact angles in liquid-liquid-solid system“. It is under journal review. Pages 108 to 135 “Dynamic contact angles in oil–aqueous polymer solutions”. It will be submitted for journal review. iv ABSTRACT Under dynamic conditions, the dynamic contact angle (the angle that the liquid makes with the solid) of a liquid on a solid surface varies dramatically with substrate velocity from its equilibrium value. Experimental data of the dynamic contact angles for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS or silicone oil) under air on a glass substrate coated with teflon, for water under PDMS, for solutions of the polymer polyethylene oxide (PEO) under air, for solutions of PEO under PDMS, were obtained to simulate and understand the systems of brine or brine containing a polymer displacing viscous crude. A variety of solid substrates were used other than above to displace oil with the object that the equilibrium contact angles ~ 90º. The method used was that of a plate immersed or withdrawn from a pool of liquid, and the machine (Cahn-Thermo) calculates for us the dynamic advancing and receding contact angles. The dynamic contact angles determine the basic driving forces such as capillary pressures. The data were correlated with a number of available models. In most cases, the models were developed further to fit the requirements of various cases. In general, it is necessary for the model to include fluid flow, interfacial phenomena, and rheology. Photography was used to verify cases of entrainment and instability. One object of the present work was to determine the contribution of the non-Newtonian nature of the PEO solution. For the PEO solution under oil (PDMS) no obvious signs are observed although solutions at high polymer concentrations, that is, high elasticity, show some anomalous effects. However, it is not possible to conclude that shear thinning effects will be absent in all cases since a criterion is established here that shows under what condition the above may not hold. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and deep appreciation to my adviser Professor Dr. Parthasakha Neogi for his guidance and encouragement. Over the years of my research, he has been so enthused, dedicated, patient and understanding as distinguished professor. I am so excited to work with him, and this work would not have been possible without him. Also I would like to extend my appreciation to the Professors that served on my dissertation committee : Dr. Muthanna Al-Dahhan, Dr. Baojun Bai, Dr. Gearoid Mac- Sithigh, and Dr. Joontaek Park, for their advice and fruitful discussion. I would like to thank the faculty and staff in chemical and biochemical engineering department at Missouri University of Science and Technology for their assistance, contribution to my research, and I would like to say my experience at Missouri S&T has been simply great. I am thankful to Elmergib University, the Higher Education Ministry in Libya and Canadian Bureau for International Education (CBIE) for their support through the Libyan- North American Scholarship Program (LNASP). In the end, I could not express my deepest gratitude to my parents, Salma and in memory of Mohammad, and my beloved wife, Haifa, for their unconditional support, understanding, love, and encouragement. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PUBLICATION DISSERTATION OPTION ................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .............................................................................................. x LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xiv NOMENCLATURE ......................................................................................................... xv SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………..……………………………………….1 1.1. EQUILIBRIUM CONTACT ANGLE ……………………….........................1 1.2. CONTACT ANGLE HYSTERESIS…………................................................2 1.2.1. Tilting Surface Method…………………………………………..……..2 1.2.2. Increased and Reduced Volume Method………………………...……..3 1.3. SURFACE TENSION FORCES ……….........................................................4 1.4. PRECURSOR FILM ………….......................................................................5 1.5. DYNAMIC CONTACT ANGLES .………....................................................6 1.5.1. Non-Equilibrium Contact Angles……………………………….…….6 1.5.2. Wilhelmy Plate Method………………………………………….…….6 1.5.3. Advancing and Receding Dynamic Contact Angles……………….…..9 1.6. ENTRAINMENT.………..............................................................................10 1.7. HYDRODYNAMIC THEORY (HD)............................................................10 vii 1.8. APPLICATIONS IN ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY..................................11 1.8.1. Macroscale Oil Displacement……….……….…………........………..12 1.8.2. Microscale Oil Displacement………………….…………….…….…..14 1.9. PRESENT STUDY……….............................................................................16 PAPER I. FORCE BASED DYNAMIC CONTACT ANGLES AND WETTING KINETICS ON A WILHELMY PLATE..........................................................18 ABSTRACT ……………..........................................................................18 NOMENCLATURE…..............................................................................20 1. INTRODUCTION……………..………………….……………….….21 2. EXPERIMENTAL…………………..……….……….………….…...27 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………….…….….29 4. CONCLUSION.. …………………………...…………….………..….35 REFERENCES …………………….…..…………………………...….36 II. WETTING KINETICS OF POLYMER SOLUTIONS AND FORCE BASED CONTACT ANGLES..........................................................38 ABSTRACT …………..............................................................................38 NOMENCLATURE…..............................................................................40 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………..…………….….42 2. MODELS…………………….……………………………………….47 2.1. NEWTONIAN LIQUIDS......................................................47 2.2. POWER LAW LIQUIDS......................................................49 2.3. ELLIS MODEL….…..…………………..............................50 viii 2.4. VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF FLUIDS…………........51 3. EXPERIMENTAL ……………………………..………...……….….55 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………..….………..….58 5. CONCLUSION.. ……………..….…….…..…………….……….…..65 APPENDIX …………..………………………….…....…………....…..66 REFERENCES ……………...…………………….…….…..……...….73 III. DYNAMIC CONTACT ANGLES IN LIQUID-LIQUID-SOLID SYSTEMS……………………………………………………………….…75 ABSTRACT ………….............................................................................75 NOMENCLATURE…..............................................................................76 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………..….….78 2. MODELS……………………………..………………...…………….85 3. EXPERIMENTAL ………………………………………………..….88 3.1. DIP COATING OF COVER GLASS WITH PVC.................88 3.2. EQUILIBRIUM ADVANCING AND RECEDING CONTACT ANGLE - MEASUREMENTS ..........................90 3.3. INTERFACIAL TENSION MEASUREMENT OF PDMS/WATER SYSTEM………………………………….91 3.4. CAHN-THERMO TECHNIQUE……………………...........91 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………..…………...….93 5. CONCLUSION..……………….….....………………………….…..105 REFERENCES ………………………………..…..……………...….106 IV. DYNAMIC CONTACT ANGLES IN OIL-POLYMER SOLUTIONS.....108 ABSTRACT …………............................................................................108 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………...……………….…...109