Scuola Dottorale di Ateneo Graduate School Dottorato di ricerca in Lingue Culture e Società Ciclo XXVI Anno di discussione 2014 Historiography and Narrative Construction of the Five Dynasties Period (907-960) in the Zizhi tongjian and its Sources. Settore scientifico disciplinare di afferenza: L-OR/21, L-OR/23 Tesi di dottorato di Maddalena Barenghi, 955781 Coordinatore del Dottorato Tutori del Dottorando Prof. Federico Squarcini Prof. Tiziana Lippiello Prof. Hans van Ess Table of Contents Chronology .................................................................................................................. iv Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Writing Historical Guides for Proper Government in the Eleventh Century........ 1 Chronological Framework of the Zizhi tongjian................................................. 11 Structure of the Annals…………………………………………………………………15 Lessons from a Period of Disunity……………………………………………………22 Recent Scholarship……………………………………………………………………..28 Abridgments……………………………………………………………………..32 Chapter One: The Zizhi tongjian and its Sources for the History of the Five Dynasties Period .......................................................................................................................... 39 1. Early Tenth-Century History Writing ................................................................ 40 1.1. The Liang Taizu shilu and the Da Liang bianyi lu ........................................ 41 1.2. The Compilation Project under the Later Tang ............................................. 43 1.3. The Compilation of Historical Records under the Later Jin, Later Han and Later Zhou dynasties ............................................................................................ 48 2. The Early Song Sources ....................................................................................... 52 2.1. The Wudai huiyao and the Wudai tonglu ...................................................... 52 2.2. The Jiu Wudai shi .......................................................................................... 54 3. Integrations of the Official Histories ................................................................... 58 4. The Xin Wudai shi. .............................................................................................. 59 Chapter Two: Flexible Narratives and the Zizhi tongjian kaoyi ............................... 65 1. Representation of the ‘Pact of Yunzhou’ Between the King of Jin and A Baoji 66 1.1.Early Accounts ............................................................................................... 67 1.2.The Account of the Biography of Foreign Countries ..................................... 73 1.3.The Praise for Li Keyong: Narrative in the Wudai shi quewen...................... 76 1.4.The Appendix of the Four Barbarians ............................................................ 78 1.5.The Account in the Zizhi tongjian .................................................................. 80 1.6. Concluding Remarks ..................................................................................... 81 2. Different Portrayal of the Enthronement of Li Cunxu and the Tang legacy .................................................................................................................................. 83 2.1.The Representation in Early Sources ............................................................. 84 2.2. The Wudai shi quewen, Xin Wudai shi and Luozhong jiyi Accounts ........... 89 2.3. The Zizhi tongjian Account .......................................................................... 92 3. The ‘Events of Weizhou’ and the Exile of Li Conghou ...................................... 95 3.1. Early Accounts .............................................................................................. 95 3.2.The Jiu Wudai shi Account ............................................................................ 98 3.3.The Xin Wudai shi Account .......................................................................... 103 3.4.The Zizhi tongjian Account .......................................................................... 105 3.5.Concluding Remarks .................................................................................... 106 Chapter Three: Uprising and Defeat: Narrative Discourses of the Rise and Fall of the Later Jin ..................................................................................................................... 110 1. The Origins of the Shi Surname and the Prophecies of the Uprising ................ 112 1.2.The Account in the Jiu Wudai shi ................................................................ 112 1.3.Representation in the Wudai shi quewen and Wudai shi bu ......................... 116 1.4.Representation in the Xin Wudai shi and Zizhi tongjian ............................... 117 2. The Uprising in the Song Sources. .................................................................... 120 2.1.Representation in the Xin Wudai shi ............................................................ 124 2.2.Representation in the Zizhi tongjian ............................................................. 126 3. The Role of Sang Weihan and the Decline of the Later Jin ............................. 141 3.1. Life and Early Career at the Court of Later Jin in the Song Sources ............................................................................................................ 144 3.2. Sang Weihan and Foreign Policy: the Representation in the Zizhi tongjian ................................................................................................................................ 151 3.3. Chronicle of a Foretold Defeat ................................................................... 157 4. Concluding Remarks .......................................................................................... 162 Chapter Four: Family Clan and the System of Ancestral Temples .......................... 167 1.The System of Ancestral Temples from Han to Tang ......................................... 168 2. Court Debates in the Early Tenth-Century ........................................................ 173 2.1.The Debate at the Court of the Later Tang According to the Wudai huiyao ................................................................................................................................ 174 2.2.The Zizhi tongjian Account ........................................................................ 182 2.3. The Debate at the Court of the Later Jin According to the Wudai huiyao .................................................................................................................................... 189 2.4.The Zizhi tongjian Account ....................................................................... 192 3. Concluding Remarks ..................................................................................... 197 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 200 Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 213 Chronology Tang 唐 (618-907) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十國 (907-979) Five Dynasties (907-960) Ten Kingdoms (902-979) Later Liang 後梁 (907-923) Wu 吳 902-937 Zhu Quanzhong 朱全忠 (Taizu 太祖, r. 907-912) Wu-Yue 吳越 907-978 Zhu Youzhen 朱友貞 (r. 912-922) Former Shu 前蜀 907-925 Min 閩 909-945 Later Tang 後唐(923-936) Southern Han 南漢 917-971 Li Cunxu 李存勖 (Zhuangzong 莊宗, r.923-926) Jingnan 荊南 924-963 Li Siming 李嗣源 (Mingzong 明宗, r.926-934) Chu 楚 927-951 Li Conghou 李從厚(Mindi 閔帝, r.934) Later Shu 後蜀 934-965 Li Congke 李從珂 (r.934-936) Southern Tang 南唐 937-979 Northern Han 北漢 951-979 Later Jin 後晉 (936-946) Shi Jingtang 石敬瑭 (Gaozu 高祖, r. 936-942) Shi Chonggui 石重貴 (r. 924-946) Later Han 後漢 (947-950) Liu Zhiyuan 劉知遠 (Gaozu 高祖, r.947-948) Liu Chengyou 劉承祐 (Yindi 隱帝, r. 949-950) Later Zhou 後周(951-960) Guo Wei 郭威 (Taizu 太祖, r. 951-954) Guo Rong 郭榮 (Shizong 世宗, r. 954-959) iv Qidan led- Liao 遼 (907-1125) Early Tenth-Century Emperors: Yelü Abaoji 耶律阿保機 (Taizu 太祖, r. 907-26) Yelü Deguang 耶律德光 (Taizong 太宗, r. 927-47) Song 宋 960-1279 Northern Song Emperors: Zhao Kuangyin 趙匡胤 (Taizu 太祖, r. 960-976) Zhao Kuangyi 趙匡義 (Taizong 太宗, r. 976-997) Zhao Heng 趙恆(Zhenzong 真宗, r. 997-1022) Zhao Zhen 趙禎 (Renzong 仁宗, r. 1022-63) Zhao Shu 趙曙 (Yingzong 英宗, r. 1063-67) Zhao Suo 趙瑣 (Shenzong 申宗, r. 1067-85) Zhao Xu 趙煦 (Zhezong 哲宗, r. 1085-1100) Zhao Ji 趙佶 (Huizong 徽宗, r. 1100-1126) Zhao Huan 趙桓 (Qinzong 欽宗, r. 1126-27) v Introduction Writing Historical Guides for Proper Government in the Eleventh Century The compilation of a Lidai junchen shiji 歷代君臣事跡 (Deeds of Emperors and Officials in Past Dynasties) was officially given as a commission to Sima Guang 司馬光 (1019-86) in 1066 on the occasion of the presentation at court of his Tongzhi 通志 (Comprehensive History), a chronicle of the events from 403 to 207 BC.1 The historian was at that time appointed Academician of the Dragon Diagram Hall (Longtu ge 龍圖閣), a section of the emperor‟s private library established in 979,2 and the redaction of comprehensive digests for the education of the then newly established emperor, the young Yingzong 英宗 (r. 1064-67), was allegedly part of his duties. In 1064 he submitted the Linian tu 歷年圖 (Chart of the Past Chronicles) to the court, a chronological account of the major events concerning the rising and