INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bieedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. NEW DENMARK, NEW BRUNSWICK: NEW APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF DANISH MIGRATION TO CANADA, 1872-1901 by Erik John Nielsen Lang, B.A. Hons., B.Ed., AIT A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Histoiy Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario 25 April 2005 © 2005, Erik John Nielsen Lang Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada 0-494-06766-7 Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: Our file Notre reference ISBN: NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par ('Internet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other form ats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriete du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n’y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. i+« Canada Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The Department of History recommends to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research acceptance of the thesis NEW DENMARK, NEW BRUNSWICK: NEW APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF DANISH MIGRATION TO CANADA, 1872-1901 submitted by Erik J.N. Lang, B.A. (Hons), B.Ed. in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Bruce S. Elliott, T hesis Supervisor E. P eter Fitzgerald, Chair Department of History Carleton University 19 May 2005 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abstract From 1870 to 1914, some 20,000 Danish migrants arrived in Canada directly from Denmark or through the United States. The Danes were highly sought after by Canadian governments as they were seen as agricultural, easily assimilated, and of northern stock. Danes spread themselves thinly across Canada, eroding a strong sense of identity and resulting in a historiography whose evolution, compared with that of other European ethnic groups, has been slower to accept new approaches and perspectives. This study will focus upon the 1872 to 1901 period of Danish migration and settlement in New Denmark, New Brunswick. Its first purpose is to explore political and policy aspects of New Denmark’s settlement history that had previously been neglected. Secondly, it will apply more modem techniques of analysis, such as the use of quantitative methods, to help bring the historiography of New Denmark and Danish migration more into line with work on other European migrant groups. Four main points will be argued: firstly that only with the help of a Dominion subsidy was New Brunswick willing to mount a serious recruitment, immigration, and settlement scheme, secondly that there exists no hard evidence proving New Denmark’s location was chosen as a buffer against Francophone encroachment, thirdly that New Denmark represents a distinct subset of Danish emigration, and finally that in part due to poor economic conditions, immigration to New Denmark was counterbalanced by an outflow of population of similar magnitude. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgements The list of those I need to thank is long and I hope complete. There are most likely a few people, however, that I have failed to acknowledge, and to those people I give now a hearty “thank you.” The patience, dedication, and guidance of my thesis supervisor, Bruce S. Elliott, has proved instrumental in the success of this endeavour. From the time I first arrived in Ottawa he has helped in every way and his tremendous commitment to his profession has proved a great motivator to me. It has been a pleasure to work with him. Carleton’s history department has great professors and I want to point out and also thank those who helped along the way, especially Marilyn Barber, Duncan McDowall, Del Muise, and James Opp. In addition, Joan White has provided, in her capacity as graduate secretary, substantial and perpetual support. Acknowledgement must also be given to the generous financial support which both the history department and the Shannon Scholarship in Canadian Social History provided me. As young historians quickly find out, history cannot be written without the help of committed archivists and librarians. The staff at the Provincial Archives of New Brunswick in Fredericton have proved so very helpful and I want to thank those with whom I was most acquainted, Twila Buttimer, Robbie Gilmore, and Lucy Jardine. The remarkable resource which the New Denmark museum provides and the helpfulness of those who administer and operate it cannot be overstated. Thank you to Ron Hansen and Lindsey Rasmussen. The staff at Archives & Special Collections at the Harriet Irving Library in Fredericton and the National Archives of Canada in Ottawa deserve a thank you for all their assistance. Without those hardworking individuals from the MacOdrum Library at Carleton University, this thesis could not have been written. I would like to especially thank the history reference librarian, Heather Berringer, and from inter-library loans, Karen Lynch and Christine Taylor. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Writing a thesis requires a love of the subject While my love of history began when I was veiy young, there were important teachers and professors along the way who gave encouragement and helped me to this point Special thanks to Trudie Ranger, John Howe, Debby (McKnight) Finnigan, David Briggs, Bruce Hoyt, William Spray, Sheila Andrew, Pierette Pheeney, and the late Jurgen Doerr. There are many whose help, support, and advice has been appreciated. Thanks to Wendy Cameron, Roy Christensen, Helen Craig, Nick Evans, James Iversen, Olavi Koivukangas, Birgit Flemming Larsen, John Larsen, Diane Taylor Myles, Rev. Keith Nielsen, Christian Pedersen, Peter Toner, and John Willis. And who could forget family? To my parents, John and Marsha (Nielsen) and my sister Nanette, my heartfelt thanks for your support in all facets of this project. Y our love, support, and guidance helped make all this possible. To my in-laws, Gilles and Ginette (Maillet) and my sister-in- law Martine, I want to express my sincere gratitude for all the ways you have contributed and helped. The accomplishments of the past two years could not have been possible without my wife, Andree Kristine Godbout. Andree is a constant source of encouragement and strength and it is because of her faith and belief in me that I was able to muster the necessary confidence to complete this thesis. There are no words fully able to describe what she means to me. There were times in the past few years when I sought the guidance of family members, some long and others