COAST GUARDS OF THE WORLD AND EMERGING MARITIME THREATS Dr Prabhakaran Paleri OCEAN POLICY RESEARCH FOUNDATION i COAST GUARDS OF THE WORLD AND EMERGING MARITIME THREATS COAST GUARDS OF THE WORLD AND EMERGING MARITIME THREATS Dr Prabhakaran Paleri OCEAN POLICY RESEARCH FOUNDATION (Ship and Ocean Foundation) ii ᶏᵗ᡽╷⎇ⓥ ․೎ภ Map on the Cover Page: World Coast Guards. The map is not to scale and as per exact locations. The map is subject to change. For general reference only. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are exclusively that of the author and do not represent the policies and opinions of any government or organisation. iii COAST GUARDS OF THE WORLD AND EMERGING MARITIME THREATS This publication is dedicated to the valiant men and women of the coast guards of the world who work in the service of humanity. iv ᶏᵗ᡽╷⎇ⓥ ․೎ภ Key Words Chapter 1 Geostrategic entity, ocean, ocean based land view, military approach, geoproperty rights, capability limitations, maritime, global common, transnational ocean crimes, ocean divisions, landlocked, islands, unlawful activities, coastal, global warming, disputes, fractal, United Nations, collective security, geopolitical gravity, incidents at sea, supranational, protectorates, maritime threats, vantage points, ocean property, legal continental shelf, exclusive economic zone, territorial waters, win-win game strategy, transnational crimes, coastal population, geometrics, sea line of communication, ocean dependency. Chapter 2 Coast guards, maritime force, combat navy, intentional law, warfighting, counter piracy operations, pirates, threats, law enforcement, service, duties and functions, asymmetry, territorial sea, continental shelf, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, embedded, fishing zone, voluntary service, maritime zones, continental margin, island nation, coastal territory, island territory, coastal entity, landlocked entity, ocean entities, land entities, ancient, evolution, ensign, joint coast guard, Chapter 3 Threat, threat matrix cube, maritime domain, Maritime domain awareness, Maritime domain awareness, perils of the sea, mission statements, at sea, from the sea, trafficking, preemption, crime at sea, smuggling, armed robbery, maritime fraud, maritime terrorism, militant piracy, poaching, bio pollution, stealth, territorial aggression, other-than-war situation, ocean dependant, regional cooperation Chapter 4 Concept, capabilities, constraints, agent of change, generic term, entity-specific, range of functions, role cropping, regional order, global commons, military, paramilitary, operational philosophy, cooperative engagement, elemental functions, decision-making, amalgamation, value analysis, identity of mind, cost-benefit analysis, operational efficiency, international outlook. Chapter 5 Conventional military threats, globalised complex risks, teeth to tail ratio, futuristic outlook, power projection, preventive deterrence, chartered duties, collectivity, projections, territorial insecurity, interactive, global participation, equitable allocation, sovereignty, cooperation, operational culture, initiatives, Shared understanding, telescoping, intelligence, cutting edge, amalgamation, functional obsolescence, flexibility, interoperability, method inertia. v COAST GUARDS OF THE WORLD AND EMERGING MARITIME THREATS FOREWORD Mr. Masahiro AKIYAMA Chairman, Ocean policy Research Foundation (Ship & Ocean Foundation) I knew Dr. Prabhakaran Paleri as a dedicated officer of the Indian Coast Guard, now leading a well deserved retired life after being its director general. I had occasions to listen to his talks on maritime subjects and read his writings on the Indian Coast Guard. He had also addressed the Ocean Policy Research Foundation during the Indo-Japan maritime security dialogue held during 2004 and 2007. His initiative and contributions towards the Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP) had been substantial from the very beginning from the Indian side. The Ocean Policy Research Foundation was privileged to have him as a visiting fellow for a short period. Considering, he is more or less an institution by himself in the affairs of the coast guards and international cooperation, he was entrusted with the task of researching on the subject in the light of his academic and professional qualifications and experience. He has been able to write a book instead of a paper on a subject that, according to him is as vast as the ocean itself, for the benefit of scholars, researchers and practitioners. He feels the coast guards of the world are not getting the desired attention to utilize them to their fullest capacity as internationally acceptable forces for cooperation in maritime affairs. He also feels that at least all the littoral nations should have a formal coast guard in the post UNCLOS world. The Ocean Policy Research Foundation is glad to bring out his view points in this publication entitled Coast Guards of the World and Emerging Maritime Threats as a viewpoint of an experienced researcher and practitioner for the benefit of all concerned for extending studies in this evolving subject matter. I also feel that we need to connect the nations and the people of the world in maritime matters. The umbilical chord of trade and commerce passes through the ocean. The coast guard is one of the highly acceptable vehicles for establishing connectivity by cooperation considering, as Dr. Paleri says, ‘It is a service with enforcement and service in its charter that it carries out with a human face in other-than-war situations.’ In that case all the concerned nations will have to first build them (CGs) and learn to operate them to their fullest extent. I have no doubt that the coast guards of the world will be capable of handling the emerging threats of the future in the maritime terrain as envisaged by Dr. Paleri in his research provided they get sufficient support from their governments and the international community. With this I thank Dr. Paleri for his work and present this publication as part of the Ocean Policy Studies of the Ocean Policy Research Foundation. vi ᶏᵗ᡽╷⎇ⓥ ․೎ภ PREFACE ‘It is for the government to decide on policy and use its armed forces in the best interest of the nation and, thereby, its people based on the Constitution. To think otherwise will be a sign of impudence and, thereby, violation of the Constitution.’ This research was originally intended to prepare a paper or maximum a monograph, based on a comparative study of the coast guards of the world to understand their similarities and differences, and capabilities and constraints to handle the maritime threats that are present and emerging. But it went along and ended up in a much amplified form as a book that I expect to be useful to those interested in the subject. The study took me into a thoroughly enjoyable and informative intellectual journey through scores of materials. The gathered information was interesting. I linked the collected facts to my career and academic experiences of the past to explore as well as intuit the future the ocean holds to the maritime community—the entire population of the world wherever they are. I found that no one was insulated from the ocean. The study gathered mass along my exploratory journey by research through the expanse of the ocean and time. The prestigious Ocean Policy Research Foundation on the busy Toranomon Crossing in Central Tokyo, where I spent six months from June to November 2008, as a visiting research fellow, proved to be the ideal place to undertake this exploratory study on the coast guards of the world and the emerging threats at and from the sea. Probably the coast guard has influenced my life so much that I feel enamored and fascinated like a child on the beach every time I think of it. Central to this feeling is perhaps the encouragement I received form several people, especially in the Indian Coast Guard with which I was associated from the very beginning, and subsequently in other coast guards and associated agencies with whom I had excellent opportunities to interact very closely on various occasions. These associations brought to light the uniqueness of the coast guards as emerging regional forces that are ultimately destined to become the global maritime forces with a human face. The coast guards of the world have tremendous potential to handle the emerging threats at and from the sea and provide relief to the world maritime community, anchored within the constitutional charter of their territorial entities. But the world and its governments are yet to recognise the hidden potential of the coast guards as the acceptable forces of the future in the maritime domain to maintain law, order, and service. The reasons are far too many. Some of them are quite complex. But I steered clear of them in my research as it was to examine the state of the coast guards of the world and their characteristics drawn against the changing faces of the maritime threats. The reasons lap dissolved in this effort leaving the task to the individual territorial entities to interpret, decide and conclude. I have used the term territorial entities because the coast guards are held not only by the recognised nations under the United Nations Charter, but also by entities that are non-members, including the protectorates serving under their holding States in a dispute ridden world. An interesting part is that even some of the landlocked States have coast guards to maintain rule of law and provide humanitarian