Studies in Systems, Decision and Control Volume 361 Series Editor Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland The series “Studies in Systems, Decision and Control” (SSDC) covers both new developments and advances, as well as the state of the art, in the various areas of broadly perceived systems, decision making and control–quickly, up to date and with a high quality. The intent is to cover the theory, applications, and perspectives on the state of the art and future developments relevant to systems, decision making, control, complex processes and related areas, as embedded in the fields of engineering, computer science, physics, economics, social and life sciences, as well as the paradigms and methodologies behind them. The series contains monographs, textbooks, lecture notes and edited volumes in systems, decision making and control spanning the areas of Cyber-Physical Systems, Autonomous Systems, Sensor Networks, Control Systems, Energy Systems, Automotive Systems, Biological Systems, Vehicular Networking and Connected Vehicles, Aerospace Systems, Automation, Manufacturing, Smart Grids, Nonlinear Systems, Power Systems, Robotics, Social Systems, Economic Systems and other. Of particular value to both the contributors and the readership are the short publication timeframe and the world-wide distribution and exposure which enable both a wide and rapid dissemination of research output. Indexed by SCOPUS, DBLP, WTI Frankfurt eG, zbMATH, SCImago. All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of Science. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13304 Nina Dobrinkova · Georgi Gadzhev Editors Environmental Protection and Disaster Risks Selected Papers from the 1st International Conference on Environmental Protection and Disaster RISKs (EnviroRISKs) Editors Nina Dobrinkova Georgi Gadzhev Institute of Information National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Communication Technologies and Geography Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (IICT-BAS) (NIGGG-BAS) Sofia, Bulgaria Sofia, Bulgaria ISSN 2198-4182 ISSN 2198-4190 (electronic) Studies in Systems, Decision and Control ISBN 978-3-030-70189-5 ISBN 978-3-030-70190-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70190-1 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Organization The 1st International Conference on Environmental Protection and Disaster Risks (ENVIRORISKs 2020) was held as an online participation event between 29 and 30 September 2020 Sofia, Bulgaria. Conference Co-chairs Kostadin Ganev, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulgaria) Nina Dobrinkova, Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulgaria) Georgi Gadzhev, National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy, and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulgaria) Nikolay Miloshev, National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy, and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulgaria) Petya Trifonova, National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy, and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulgaria) Stelian Dimitrov, Sofia University (Bulgaria) Program Committee Alexander Arakelyan, American University in Armenia, Armenia Artemi Cerdà, University of Valencia, Spain Anna Ganeva, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Aleksandar Petrovski, University “Goce Delcev” Stip and Military Academy “General Mihailo Apostolski” Skopje, North Macedonia Bojko Berov, Geological Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Chuck Bushey, International Association of Wildland Fire, USA v vi Organization Christos Dimopoulos, European University Cyprus, Cyprus Constantin Ionescu, National Institute for Research and Development for Earth Physics, Romania Dimitrios Melas, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Dimcho Solakov, National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Evangelos Katsaros, European University Cyprus, Cyprus George Boustras, European University Cyprus, Cyprus George Drakatos, National Observatory of Athens, Greece Georgios Eftychidis, Centre for Security Studies—KEMEA, Greece Geert Seynaeve, European Society for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Belgium Hrachya Astsatryan, Institute for Informatics and Automation Problems, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Armenia Harald Pauli, Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments, Austria Hristo Chervenkov, National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Bulgaria Horst Schwichtenberg, Fraunhofer SCAI, Germany Ilias Gkotsis, Centre for Security Studies—KEMEA, Greece Ivan Georgiev, National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy, and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Jesús Rodrigo-Comino, University of Valencia, Spain, and Trier University, Germany Kristalina Stoykova, Geological Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Nikolai Dobrev, Geological Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Reneta Dimitrova, Sofia University and National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy, and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Roberto San Jose, Technical University of Madrid, Spain Snejana Moncheva, Institute of Oceanology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Stefan Florin Balan, National Institute for Research and Development for Earth Physics, Romania Tania Marinova, National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Bulgaria Todor Gurov, Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Velichka Milousheva, Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Viacheslav Berman, Institute of Hydromechanics at National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine Yancho Todorov, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland Preface Environmental Protection and Disaster Risks topics are challenging fields that scien- tific world is trying to address as much as it can. Earthquakes, floods, fires, droughts, blizzards, dust storms, natural releases of toxic gases and liquids, diseases, and other environmental variations affect hundreds of millions of people each year. Many disaster events are triggered by human activities. Examples that affect the envi- ronment and natural biodiversity are activities such as adding contaminants to air and water, changing land use, reducing and fragmenting the habitat of some species, introducing non-native species, and changing natural fluxes and cycles of energy and materials. The challenges associated with environmental protection today are multi- faceted and affected by many interacting factors. Usually, they cover various, often large, spatial scales, unfold on long temporal scales, and have global implications (e.g. carbon dynamics, nutrient cycles, and ocean acidification). Dealing with these problems will require systems thinking and integrating multidisciplinary science. Actions in these directions are taken more and more in the recent years by political bodies, NGOs, and scientific groups trying to find sustainable solutions for the future generations. Every point of view matters when it comes to our global home—The Planet Earth. This volume is a result of discussions done during the International Conference on “Environmental Protection and Disaster Risks”, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2020, held as online participation event in the period 29–30 September 2020. The participants have agreed that the relevance of the conference topic and quality of the contributions have clearly suggested that a more comprehensive collection of extended contributions devoted to the area would be very welcome and would certainly bring value to a wider public in the field of Environmental Protection and Disaster Risks. The topics covered by this volume are: Air pollution, climate and health, natural hazards and risks, water vii viii Preface resources, human activities and management and informatics, remote sensing, high performance computing and GIS for environmental monitoring and management. Sofia, Bulgaria Nina Dobrinkova January